A nurse is assisting with teaching a client who has obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) about continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Which of the following instructions should the nurse include?

Choice A rationale:

The Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS) is commonly used to assess pain in newborns and infants. It evaluates multiple indicators of pain, including facial expression, crying, breathing patterns, and arms and legs' movements, to determine if a baby is in pain.

Choice B rationale:

The FACES pain rating scale for children is not typically used for infants, as it relies on a child's ability to point to or describe their pain using facial expressions.

Choice C rationale:

The Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP) Scale is used primarily for preterm infants and not typically for all newborns. It is more specific to certain populations.

Choice D rationale:

The FLACC Scale (Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability) is used for assessing pain in young children who may not be able to self-report. It's not specific to infants, and the NIPS is more appropriate for this population.

Choice A rationale:
Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) is a method of pain management that allows the patient to administer their own pain medication within specified limits, but it doesn't reduce the workload of the nurse. The nurse is responsible for setting up and monitoring the PCA pump, educating the patient, assessing their pain, and ensuring safety. Therefore, this choice is incorrect.
Choice B rationale:
PCA does not completely eliminate pain. It provides the patient with control over their pain relief by allowing them to self-administer medication within preset limits. However, it does not guarantee the complete absence of pain. Pain relief is provided within a safe dosage range, but some level of pain may still be experienced. Therefore, this choice is incorrect.
Choice C rationale:
PCA does not eliminate the risk of adverse drug effects entirely. The nurse must monitor the patient for signs of adverse effects, such as respiratory depression or sedation. While the patient has control over medication administration, there are still risks associated with opioid analgesics. Therefore, this choice is incorrect.
Choice D rationale:
The principal advantage of using patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) is that it reduces patient anxiety about pain by giving the patient more control over its management. This choice is correct because PCA empowers the patient to self-administer pain medication when needed, which can lead to better pain control and reduced anxiety. The nurse sets safe dosage limits and monitors the patient, ensuring safety while providing a sense of control.