George, an 85yearold man with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, was rushed to the emergency department with increasing shortness of breath, restlessness, and difficulty communicating due to his inability to complete a sentence. On assessment, tachycardia and a bounding pulse were noted. Wheezes could be heard in the lower lobes. His blood gas shows a pH of 7.3, PaCO2 of 68 mmHg, HCO3 of 28 mmol/L, and PaO2 of 60 mmHg. How would you interpret this?

Metabolic Acidosis, Uncompensated

Metabolic Acidosis, Partially Compensated

Respiratory Acidosis, Partially Compensated

Respiratory Acidosis, Uncompensated

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is C

Choice A reason: Metabolic acidosis is characterized by a low pH and a low HCO3. However, George's HCO3 is within normal range, indicating that metabolic acidosis is not the primary issue.

Choice B reason: Partially compensated metabolic acidosis would present with a low pH and a low HCO3, along with a low PaCO2 as the body attempts to compensate. George's PaCO2 is elevated, which is not consistent with this condition.

Choice C reason: George's high PaCO2 and near normal HCO3 suggest that his primary issue is respiratory acidosis. The body has begun to compensate by retaining HCO3, making it partially compensated.

Choice D reason: Uncompensated respiratory acidosis would present with an elevated PaCO2 and a normal HCO3. Since George's HCO3 is elevated, it indicates partial compensation.

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

Choice A reason: play a crucial role in transplant rejection. They can recognize and attack foreign tissues, including transplanted organs, leading to rejection. This immune response is a significant concern in transplant medicine, and managing T cell activity is essential for the success of organ transplants.

Choice B reason: While anaphylaxis is an acute allergic reaction, it is more commonly associated with the release of histamines and other mediators from mast cells and basophils. can contribute to the severity of the reaction, but they are not the primary cells involved in anaphylaxis.

Choice C reason: Bacterial phagocytosis is primarily the function of phagocytes like neutrophils and macrophages. do not directly engage in phagocytosis but can activate other immune cells that do.

Choice D reason: Hay fever, or allergic rhinitis, involves an immune response to airborne allergens, with contributing to the development of symptoms by helping to produce IgE antibodies. However, the immediate symptoms of hay fever are more directly related to mast cell activation rather than activity.

A. pH 7.30, HCO3 26 mEq/L, PaCO2 50 mm Hg B. pH 7.50, HCO3 20 mEq/L, PaCO2 32 mm Hg C. pH 7.55, HCO3 30 mEq/L, PaCO2 31 mm Hg D. pH 7.25, HCO3 19 mEq/L, PaCO2 30 mm Hg

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

Choice A reason: This set of values is indicative of metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation, which is common in chronic kidney disease due to the accumulation of acids in the blood and the lungs' attempt to compensate by retaining CO2.

Choice B reason: This choice suggests respiratory alkalosis, which is less likely in chronic kidney disease unless there is a secondary respiratory condition causing hyperventilation.

Choice C reason: This choice indicates metabolic alkalosis, which is not typical for chronic kidney disease, as the kidneys are unable to excrete acid effectively.

Choice D reason: While this set of values does indicate acidosis, the expected compensatory response in chronic kidney disease would be an elevated PaCO2, not a normal or low value.

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

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