Following a myocardial infarction (MI) of the left ventricle, a patient develops left heart failure (LHF). Findings commonly associated with LHF include

low preload.

pleural effusion.

peripheral edema.

pulmonary edema.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is D

A. Preload is typically increased in LHF, as blood backs up in the left side of the heart.

B. Although pleural effusion can occur as a secondary complication in some cases of heart failure, it is not as directly indicative of LHF as pulmonary edema.

C. Peripheral edema is more characteristic of right heart failure, where blood backs up in the systemic circulation.

D. Pulmonary edema is a hallmark finding in left heart failure as the left ventricle fails to pump effectively, causing fluid to accumulate in the lungs due to back pressure from the left atrium into the pulmonary veins.

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Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A. Hydronephrosis may lead to renal dysfunction but does not directly explain the altered mental status or confusion in this context.

B. Uremic encephalopathy occurs due to the accumulation of waste products, particularly urea, in the bloodstream, which can lead to neurotoxicity and confusion.

C. Metabolic alkalosis does not typically cause confusion; it is more related to acid-base disturbances and does not develop from over-secretion of bicarbonate in renal failure.

D. Hypotension due to hypophosphatemia is not a common cause of confusion, and while electrolyte imbalances can affect mental status, this option does not directly connect with renal failure.

A. inflammatory changes in the glomeruli causes "leaky" glomerular capillaries. B. an autoantibody attack to the renal artery, causing ischemia to the kidney glomerulus. C. the pathological leaking of casts from the glomerular capillaries into the urine. D. a substantial increase in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR).

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A. In post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, the immune response to strep infection results in inflammatory changes in the glomeruli, making the capillaries "leaky." This allows protein and red blood cells to pass into the urine, causing proteinuria and hematuria.

B. Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis is not characterized by an autoantibody attack on the renal artery. It is primarily an immune-mediated inflammatory response in the glomeruli.

C. While casts may appear in the urine, the primary issue is glomerular capillary inflammation and permeability rather than direct leaking of casts.

D. Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis typically results in a decreased GFR due to inflammation and reduced kidney function, not an increase.

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Following a myocardial infarction (MI) of the left ventricle, a patient develops left heart failure (LHF). Findings commonly associated with LHF include

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Correct Answer is B

Explanation

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