A woman presents to the emergency department complaining of bleeding and cramping. The initial history is significant for a last menstrual period 6 weeks ago. On sterile speculum examination, the care provider finds that the cervix is closed. The anticipated plan of care for this woman would be based on a probable diagnosis of which type of spontaneous abortion?

The most common cause of excessive blood loss after childbirth is the failure of the uterine muscle to contract firmly, which is also known as uterine atony. If the uterus does not contract effectively after delivery, it cannot properly close off the blood vessels that were connected to the placenta, leading to heavy bleeding. Uterine atony can occur due to various factors, such as prolonged labor, multiple births, or the use of certain medications during labor.
Other causes of excessive blood loss after childbirth include retained placental fragments, vaginal or vulvar hematomas, or unrepaired lacerations of the vagina or cervix, but these are less common than uterine atony.

Effective health communication requires that messages be designed with the audience's needs and characteristics in mind, and pretesting is an important part of this process. Pretesting materials for feedback about comprehension helps to ensure that the messages are clear, understandable, and culturally appropriate for the target audience. This also allows the nurse to make any necessary revisions to improve the materials' effectiveness.

The nurse's target audience should be specific to those who have infants or who are expecting an infant, rather than including all residents, as this is too broad and may not effectively reach the intended audience. Additionally, the use of radio advertisements developed in English only may not be effective for reaching all members of the community, particularly those who do not speak English as their primary language. Lastly, materials written at a high school reading level may not be appropriate for all members of the community, particularly those with lower levels of literacy.