A student nurse is reviewing clinical manifestations of chronic kidney disease. Which of the following findings are consistent with this diagnosis? (Select all that apply)

Hypokalemia

Anemia

Hypertension

Crackles in the lungs

Lethargy

Proteinuria

Answer and Explanation

Correct Answer : B,C,E,F

Choice A: Hypokalemia, or low potassium levels in the blood, is not typically associated with CKD. In fact, patients with advanced CKD are more likely to experience hyperkalemia, which is an elevated potassium level, due to the kidneys’ decreased ability to excrete potassium. The normal range for serum potassium is 3.5 to 5.0 mmol/L.

Choice B: Anemia is a common finding in CKD and is due to the kidneys’ reduced production of erythropoietin, a hormone that stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells. Symptoms of anemia include fatigue, weakness, and pale skin. The normal range for hemoglobin in adults is 13.8 to 17.2 grams per deciliter for men and 12.1 to 15.1 grams per deciliter for women.

Choice C: Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is both a cause and a complication of CKD. The kidneys play a crucial role in regulating blood pressure, and as their function declines, hypertension becomes more common. The normal range for blood pressure is typically considered to be 120/80 mmHg.

Choice D: Crackles in the lungs Crackles in the lungs are not a direct manifestation of CKD, but they can occur if the condition leads to fluid overload and heart failure, resulting in pulmonary edema. This is a secondary complication rather than a direct symptom of CKD.

Choice E: Lethargy and a general feeling of malaise are common in CKD due to the buildup of toxins and waste products in the blood that the kidneys can no longer effectively filter out. This can also lead to decreased mental sharpness and a reduced quality of life.

Choice F: Proteinuria, or the presence of excess protein in the urine, is a hallmark sign of CKD. It indicates damage to the kidneys’ filtering units, allowing protein that would normally be retained to leak into the urine. Persistent proteinuria is a sign of chronic kidney damage.

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

Choice A reason:Using a microwave to warm the solution is not recommended as it can lead to uneven heating and potentially damage the solution or harm the patient.

Choice B reason: The statement about the catheter becoming infected despite sterile precautions is accurate and reflects an understanding of the risks associated with peritoneal dialysis.

Choice C reason:Expecting the volume of the output solution to be greater than the input solution is incorrect; typically, the volumes should be equal to ensure proper fluid removal.

Choice D reason: The fluid from the abdomen being clear or slightly yellow is a normal finding and does not indicate a need for further teaching.

A. A client who works in a child care center B. A client who eats raw shellfish C. A client who has multiple tattoos D. A client who has recently traveled to an underdeveloped country

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

Choice A reason: A client who works in a child care center is not typically at risk for hepatitis C unless they are exposed to blood or bodily fluids from an infected individual. Hepatitis C is primarily spread through blood-to-blood contact. While working in a child care center may increase the risk of exposure to various infections due to close contact with children, it is not a common route of transmission for hepatitis C.

Choice B reason: Eating raw shellfish is more commonly associated with hepatitis A and E, which are transmitted through the fecal-oral route, often due to contaminated food or water. Hepatitis C, however, is not typically transmitted through food or water. It is a bloodborne virus, and thus, eating raw shellfish would not be considered a high-risk activity for contracting hepatitis C.

Choice C reason: A client who has multiple tattoos is at risk for developing hepatitis C, particularly if the tattoos were done using non-sterile equipment or in an unregulated setting. The hepatitis C virus can be transmitted through the use of contaminated needles, which can occur in tattoo parlors that do not adhere to strict hygiene and sterilization practices. This is why choice C is the correct answer. While all the options presented could potentially involve some risk of infection, it is the client with multiple tattoos who is most at risk for hepatitis C, assuming the tattoos were obtained in a setting where infection control practices were not followed. It’s important for healthcare providers to assess each client’s individual risk factors and educate them on the ways to prevent hepatitis C, such as ensuring the use of sterile needles for tattoos and piercings.

Choice D reason: Traveling to an underdeveloped country may increase the risk of various infectious diseases, but hepatitis C is not commonly spread through casual contact or environmental factors. It requires blood-to-blood contact for transmission. Therefore, unless the client engaged in activities that involved such exposure, like receiving medical or dental procedures with non-sterile equipment, simply traveling to an underdeveloped country does not significantly increase the risk of contracting hepatitis C.

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A student nurse is reviewing clinical manifestations of chronic kidney disease. Which of the following findings are consistent with this diagnosis? (Select all that apply)

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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

A nurse is teaching a client about self-administering peritoneal dialysis. Which of the following statements by the client indicates a need for further teaching?

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A nurse is assessing clients in a health clinic for risk factors for contracting hepatitis. Which of the following clients is at risk for developing hepatitis C?

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

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