A student nurse is reviewing clinical manifestations of chronic kidney disease. Which of the following findings are consistent with this diagnosis? (Select all that apply)

Hypokalemia

Anemia

Hypertension

Crackles in the lungs

Lethargy

Proteinuria

Answer and Explanation

Correct Answer : B,C,E,F

Choice A: Hypokalemia, or low potassium levels in the blood, is not typically associated with CKD. In fact, patients with advanced CKD are more likely to experience hyperkalemia, which is an elevated potassium level, due to the kidneys’ decreased ability to excrete potassium. The normal range for serum potassium is 3.5 to 5.0 mmol/L.

Choice B: Anemia is a common finding in CKD and is due to the kidneys’ reduced production of erythropoietin, a hormone that stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells. Symptoms of anemia include fatigue, weakness, and pale skin. The normal range for hemoglobin in adults is 13.8 to 17.2 grams per deciliter for men and 12.1 to 15.1 grams per deciliter for women.

Choice C: Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is both a cause and a complication of CKD. The kidneys play a crucial role in regulating blood pressure, and as their function declines, hypertension becomes more common. The normal range for blood pressure is typically considered to be 120/80 mmHg.

Choice D: Crackles in the lungs Crackles in the lungs are not a direct manifestation of CKD, but they can occur if the condition leads to fluid overload and heart failure, resulting in pulmonary edema. This is a secondary complication rather than a direct symptom of CKD.

Choice E: Lethargy and a general feeling of malaise are common in CKD due to the buildup of toxins and waste products in the blood that the kidneys can no longer effectively filter out. This can also lead to decreased mental sharpness and a reduced quality of life.

Choice F: Proteinuria, or the presence of excess protein in the urine, is a hallmark sign of CKD. It indicates damage to the kidneys’ filtering units, allowing protein that would normally be retained to leak into the urine. Persistent proteinuria is a sign of chronic kidney damage.

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Correct Answer is ["A","B","C","D","E","F"]

Explanation

Choice A reason:Profuse vomiting with a fecal odor can occur in large bowel obstructions due to the backward flow of bowel contents.

Choice B reason:Epigastric abdominal distention is a common finding in bowel obstructions due to the accumulation of gas and fluids.

Choice C reason:Intermittent abdominal cramping results from the bowel's attempt to push contents through the obstructed area.

Choice D reason:Ribbon-like stools or diarrhea may occur if there is a partial obstruction allowing some contents to pass.

Choice E reason:Metabolic acidosis can develop due to the accumulation of lactic acid from tissue hypoxia and decreased perfusion.

Choice F reason:Severe fluid and electrolyte imbalance can result from vomiting and the inability to absorb fluids and nutrients properly.

A. "Both heparin and warfarin work together to dissolve the clots." B. "Warfarin takes several days to work, so the IV heparin will be used until the warfarin reaches a therapeutic level." C. "The IV heparin increases the effects of the warfarin and decreases the length of your hospital stay." D. "I will call the provider to get a prescription for discontinuing the IV heparin today."

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

Choice A reason: Heparin and warfarin do not work together to dissolve clots. Heparin acts quickly to prevent further clotting, while warfarin is used for long-term anticoagulation.

Choice B reason: Warfarin's onset of action is slow, requiring several days to reach therapeutic levels. During this time, heparin is used to provide immediate anticoagulation to prevent new clot formation or the growth of existing clots.

Choice C reason: IV heparin does not increase the effects of warfarin. They are used concurrently because of the delay in warfarin's onset of action.

Choice D reason: It is not appropriate to discontinue heparin immediately after starting warfarin due to the delay in warfarin reaching therapeutic levels. The overlap is necessary to ensure continuous anticoagulation.

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A student nurse is reviewing clinical manifestations of chronic kidney disease. Which of the following findings are consistent with this diagnosis? (Select all that apply)

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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

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Correct Answer is ["A","B","C","D","E","F"]

Explanation

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

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