A patient wants to know what causes atherosclerosis. How should the nurse respond? In general, atherosclerosis is caused by

an increase in antithrombotic substances.

congenital heart disease.

endothelial injury and inflammation.

high serum potassium levels.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is C

Choice A reason: An increase in antithrombotic substances is not a cause of atherosclerosis. Antithrombotic substances are agents that prevent or reduce the formation of blood clots. They can be used to treat or prevent atherosclerosis, not cause it.

Choice B reason: Congenital heart disease is not a cause of atherosclerosis. Congenital heart disease is a condition that is present at birth and affects the structure or function of the heart. It can be caused by genetic or environmental factors, not by atherosclerosis.

Choice C reason: Endothelial injury and inflammation are causes of atherosclerosis. Endothelial injury is the damage to the inner lining of the blood vessels, which can be caused by various factors such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, or diabetes. Inflammation is the body's response to the injury, which involves the activation of immune cells and the release of cytokines and growth factors. These processes lead to the formation of plaque, which is composed of cholesterol, fatty substances, calcium, and other materials.

Choice D reason: High serum potassium levels are not a cause of atherosclerosis. High serum potassium levels are a condition that affects the balance of electrolytes in the blood. It can be caused by kidney disease, medication side effects, or excessive intake of potassium-rich foods. It can affect the heart rhythm and function, but it does not cause atherosclerosis.

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

Choice A reason: This is not a symptom of right heart failure. Hypertension is a risk factor for developing heart failure, but it does not indicate the severity or location of the heart failure.

Choice B reason: This is not a symptom of right heart failure. Dyspnea upon exertion is a symptom of left heart failure, which occurs when the left ventricle fails to pump blood effectively to the lungs.

Choice C reason: This is a symptom of right heart failure. Significant edema to both lower legs and feet is a result of increased pressure in the systemic circulation, which occurs when the right ventricle fails to pump blood effectively to the rest of the body. This causes fluid to accumulate in the dependent areas, such as the lower extremities.

Choice D reason: This is not a symptom of right heart failure. Decreased urine output is a symptom of left heart failure, which occurs when the left ventricle fails to pump blood effectively to the aorta and the rest of the body. This causes reduced renal perfusion and oliguria.

A. hereditary decrease in IgE responsiveness. B. increased sympathetic nervous system response. C. the release of stress hormones. D. exposure to an allergen causing mast cell degranulation.

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

Choice A reason: Hereditary decrease in IgE responsiveness is not related to airway hyper-responsiveness in extrinsic asthma. IgE is an antibody that binds to allergens and triggers the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators from mast cells. A decrease in IgE responsiveness would reduce the allergic reaction, not increase it.

Choice B reason: Increased sympathetic nervous system response is not related to airway hyper-responsiveness in extrinsic asthma. The sympathetic nervous system is the part of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for fight or flight. It stimulates the bronchodilation, or the widening of the airways, by activating the beta2 receptors on the smooth muscle cells. This would improve the airflow, not obstruct it.

Choice C reason: The release of stress hormones is not related to airway hyper-responsiveness in extrinsic asthma. Stress hormones, such as cortisol and adrenaline, are secreted by the adrenal glands in response to stress. They have anti-inflammatory and bronchodilator effects, which would reduce the symptoms of asthma, not worsen them.

Choice D reason: Exposure to an allergen causing mast cell degranulation is related to airway hyper-responsiveness in extrinsic asthma. Mast cell degranulation is the process of releasing histamine and other inflammatory mediators from the granules inside the mast cells. These substances cause bronchoconstriction, or the narrowing of the airways, by stimulating the smooth muscle contraction and mucus secretion. This leads to the symptoms of asthma, such as wheezing, coughing, and dyspnea.

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A patient wants to know what causes atherosclerosis. How should the nurse respond? In general, atherosclerosis is caused by

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

A 72-year-old female has a history of right heart failure caused by a right ventricular myocardial infarction. Which of the following symptoms are specifically related to her right heart failure?

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A nurse is preparing to teach the staff about asthma. Which information should the nurse include? Airway hyper-responsiveness in extrinsic asthma is related to:

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

When displayed by the patient, which symptom would be most indicative to the nurse to withhold a recently prescribed nonselective beta-adrenergic blocker?

Which nursing assessment confirms that the angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) that a patient is taking is effective?

Which agent is preferred for the initial treatment of heart failure?

The nurse is providing instruction to a patient who was recently prescribed an ACE inhibitor for hypertension. Which is an adverse effect of this medication?

What will happen when a person is hypotensive?

A staff member asks a nurse to describe foam cells. The nurse's best response is that foam cells are

A patient with persistent, frequent asthma exacerbations asks a nurse about a long-acting beta2-agonist LABAs medication. What will the nurse tell this patient?

A patient with stable COPD receives prescriptions for an inhaled glucocorticoid and an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Which statement by the patient indicates understanding of this medication regimen?