A patient wants to know what causes atherosclerosis. How should the nurse respond? In general, atherosclerosis is caused by

an increase in antithrombotic substances.

congenital heart disease.

endothelial injury and inflammation.

high serum potassium levels.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is C

Choice A reason: An increase in antithrombotic substances is not a cause of atherosclerosis. Antithrombotic substances are agents that prevent or reduce the formation of blood clots. They can be used to treat or prevent atherosclerosis, not cause it.

Choice B reason: Congenital heart disease is not a cause of atherosclerosis. Congenital heart disease is a condition that is present at birth and affects the structure or function of the heart. It can be caused by genetic or environmental factors, not by atherosclerosis.

Choice C reason: Endothelial injury and inflammation are causes of atherosclerosis. Endothelial injury is the damage to the inner lining of the blood vessels, which can be caused by various factors such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, or diabetes. Inflammation is the body's response to the injury, which involves the activation of immune cells and the release of cytokines and growth factors. These processes lead to the formation of plaque, which is composed of cholesterol, fatty substances, calcium, and other materials.

Choice D reason: High serum potassium levels are not a cause of atherosclerosis. High serum potassium levels are a condition that affects the balance of electrolytes in the blood. It can be caused by kidney disease, medication side effects, or excessive intake of potassium-rich foods. It can affect the heart rhythm and function, but it does not cause atherosclerosis.

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Correct Answer is B

Explanation

Choice A reason: This is not the definition of ejection fraction. The percentage of blood that leaves the heart in a minute is related to the cardiac output, which is the product of the heart rate and the stroke volume.

Choice B reason: This is the correct definition of ejection fraction. It is the ratio of the stroke volume (the amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle) to the end-diastolic volume (the amount of blood in the left ventricle at the end of diastole). It is a measure of the efficiency of the heart and reflects the contractility of the cardiac muscle.

Choice C reason: This is not the definition of ejection fraction. The amount of blood that leaves the heart with each beat is the stroke volume, which is one of the factors that determine the ejection fraction.

Choice D reason: This is not the definition of ejection fraction. The amount of blood that leaves the heart in a minute is the cardiac output, which is influenced by the ejection fraction, but not equivalent to it.

A. Decreased cardiac output. B. Bronchoconstriction. C. Inflammatory pulmonary edema. D. Pulmonary vascular congestion.

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

Choice A reason: This is not the cause of pulmonary symptoms in left heart failure. Decreased cardiac output is a consequence of left heart failure, which affects the perfusion of vital organs and tissues.

Choice B reason: This is not the cause of pulmonary symptoms in left heart failure. Bronchoconstriction is a feature of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which affect the airways and cause wheezes and shortness of breath.

Choice C reason: This is not the cause of pulmonary symptoms in left heart failure. Inflammatory pulmonary edema is a type of non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema, which occurs when the alveolar-capillary membrane is damaged by an inflammatory process, such as pneumonia or sepsis.

Choice D reason: This is the correct cause of pulmonary symptoms in left heart failure. Pulmonary vascular congestion is a result of increased pressure in the pulmonary circulation, which occurs when the left ventricle fails to pump blood effectively to the aorta and the rest of the body. This causes fluid to leak into the alveoli and interstitial spaces, leading to cough, dyspnea, crackles, and pink frothy sputum.

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A patient wants to know what causes atherosclerosis. How should the nurse respond? In general, atherosclerosis is caused by

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

What is ejection fraction?

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A patient with left heart failure starts to have a cough and dyspnea. Pulmonary symptoms common to left heart failure are a result of:

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A 60-year-old female with a history of cirrhosis and low serum albumin presents with dyspnea, impaired ventilation, and pleural pain. A diagnosis of pleural effusion is made, and a watery fluid is drained. When giving report, the nurse will refer to this fluid as

A patient with stable COPD receives prescriptions for an inhaled glucocorticoid and an inhaled beta2-adrenergic agonist. Which statement by the patient indicates understanding of this medication regimen?

A nurse is preparing to teach the staff about asthma. Which information should the nurse include? Airway obstruction contributing to increased airflow resistance and hypoventilation in asthma is caused by:

The forward effects in a patient with left ventricular heart failure include (Select all that apply)

A 60-year-old female had a myocardial infarction. She was brought to the hospital 30 minutes later. She survived, but now the nurse is providing care for impaired ventricular function because

The nurse is providing instruction to a patient who was recently prescribed an ACE inhibitor for hypertension. Which is an adverse effect of this medication?

Which nursing assessment confirms that the angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) that a patient is taking is effective?

A staff member asks a nurse to describe foam cells. The nurse's best response is that foam cells are