A patient wants to know what causes atherosclerosis. How should the nurse respond? In general, atherosclerosis is caused by
an increase in antithrombotic substances.
congenital heart disease.
endothelial injury and inflammation.
high serum potassium levels.
The Correct Answer is C
Choice A reason: An increase in antithrombotic substances is not a cause of atherosclerosis. Antithrombotic substances are agents that prevent or reduce the formation of blood clots. They can be used to treat or prevent atherosclerosis, not cause it.
Choice B reason: Congenital heart disease is not a cause of atherosclerosis. Congenital heart disease is a condition that is present at birth and affects the structure or function of the heart. It can be caused by genetic or environmental factors, not by atherosclerosis.
Choice C reason: Endothelial injury and inflammation are causes of atherosclerosis. Endothelial injury is the damage to the inner lining of the blood vessels, which can be caused by various factors such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, or diabetes. Inflammation is the body's response to the injury, which involves the activation of immune cells and the release of cytokines and growth factors. These processes lead to the formation of plaque, which is composed of cholesterol, fatty substances, calcium, and other materials.
Choice D reason: High serum potassium levels are not a cause of atherosclerosis. High serum potassium levels are a condition that affects the balance of electrolytes in the blood. It can be caused by kidney disease, medication side effects, or excessive intake of potassium-rich foods. It can affect the heart rhythm and function, but it does not cause atherosclerosis.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Choice A reason: Respiratory acidosis does not cause no change in affinity of hemoglobin with oxygen. It causes a decrease in affinity of hemoglobin with oxygen, which means that hemoglobin releases more oxygen to the tissues. This is known as the Bohr effect, which is a physiological response to low pH and high CO2 levels.
Choice B reason: Respiratory acidosis causes a decrease in affinity of hemoglobin with oxygen, which means that hemoglobin releases more oxygen to the tissues. This is the correct statement that describes the expected finding in this patient. The decrease in affinity of hemoglobin with oxygen is a compensatory mechanism that tries to restore the oxygen balance in the body.
Choice C reason: Respiratory acidosis does not cause an increase in affinity of hemoglobin with oxygen. It causes a decrease in affinity of hemoglobin with oxygen, which means that hemoglobin releases more oxygen to the tissues. An increase in affinity of hemoglobin with oxygen would mean that hemoglobin holds on to oxygen more tightly, which would worsen the hypoxia in the patient.
Choice D reason: Respiratory acidosis does not cause a decrease in blood CO2. It causes an increase in blood CO2, which is the primary cause of the low pH. A decrease in blood CO2 would indicate respiratory alkalosis, which is a condition of high pH and low CO2 levels.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A reason: This is not an adverse effect of ACE inhibitors. Insomnia is a common side effect of stimulant medications, such as caffeine or amphetamine, which increase the activity of the central nervous system and cause difficulty falling or staying asleep.
Choice B reason: This is not an adverse effect of ACE inhibitors. Bradycardia is a slow heart rate, usually below 60 beats per minute. ACE inhibitors do not cause bradycardia, but rather lower the blood pressure by blocking the formation of angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor.
Choice C reason: This is not an adverse effect of ACE inhibitors. Chest pain is a sign of angina or myocardial infarction, which are caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle. ACE inhibitors can actually prevent or treat these conditions by improving the blood flow and reducing the workload of the heart.
Choice D reason: This is an adverse effect of ACE inhibitors. Hyperkalemia is a high level of potassium in the blood, which can cause cardiac arrhythmias and muscle weakness. ACE inhibitors can cause hyperkalemia by reducing the secretion of aldosterone, a hormone that regulates the sodium and potassium balance in the body.
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