A patient is diagnosed with pulmonary disease and elevated pulmonary valvular resistance. Which of the following heart failures may result from this condition?
Left heart failure
Low output failure
High output failure
Right heart failure
The Correct Answer is D
Elevated pulmonary valvular resistance refers to a condition where there is increased resistance to blood flow through the pulmonary valve and into the lungs. This can lead to an increase in pressure within the right ventricle of the heart, which can eventually lead to right heart failure.
Right heart failure occurs when the right ventricle of the heart is unable to pump blood effectively, which can result in symptoms such as fatigue, shortness of breath, and fluid retention in the legs and abdomen. Causes of right heart failure include pulmonary hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pulmonary embolism, and other conditions that increase pressure within the pulmonary circulation.
Left heart failure, on the other hand, occurs when the left ventricle of the heart is unable to pump blood effectively, which can lead to symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, and fluid retention in the lungs and legs. Causes of left heart failure include coronary artery disease, hypertension, and valvular heart disease.
Low output failure occurs when the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs, and can result from a variety of conditions affecting the heart muscle or heart valves. High output failure occurs when the heart is working harder than normal to meet the body's demands, such as in conditions such as hyperthyroidism or severe anemia
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Croup is a common respiratory illness in young children, characterized by inflammation of the upper airways (including the larynx and trachea) that leads to a characteristic barking cough and difficulty breathing. Croup is most commonly caused by viral infections, particularly parainfluenza virus, although other viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza virus can also be responsible. 
Bacterial croup is rare and usually occurs in children who have an underlying condition that makes them more susceptible to bacterial infections, such as immunodeficiency or a history of recurrent respiratory infections. Fungal croup is also rare and usually occurs in children with a weakened immune system or a history of exposure to contaminated soil or other environmental sources of fungi.
Autoimmune croup is not a recognized medical condition. While some autoimmune disorders can affect the respiratory system (such as systemic lupus erythematosus), they do not typically cause croup-like symptoms.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a major risk factor for the development of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), which is characterized by thickening of the myocardium (heart muscle). LVH occurs in response to increased afterload (the resistance the heart has to pump against), which is a common feature of hypertension.
Angiotensin II, a hormone that is activated in response to hypertension, is a major mediator of LVH in this setting. Angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels) and promotes the retention of salt and water, which increases blood volume and pressure. Additionally, angiotensin II stimulates the proliferation of cardiac myocytes (heart muscle cells) and the synthesis of extracellular matrix proteins, leading to hypertrophy and fibrosis of the myocardium.
Other factors that may contribute to LVH in hypertension include increased sympathetic nervous system activity, oxidative stress, and inflammation. However, angiotensin II is considered a key mediator of this process, and drugs that block the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), such as angiotensinconverting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), are often used to treat hypertension and reduce the risk of LVH and other cardiovascular complications.
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