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A patient has been diagnosed with septic shock.
What collaborative interventions would be expected? (Select all that apply)

Temperature control for either hypothermia or hyperthermia.

Administration of cardiotonic agents such as dopamine, dobutamine, or norepinephrine.

Administration of a thrombolytic (streptokinase).

Subcutaneous administration of epinephrine (1:1000) 0.5 to 1 ml every 5 to 15 minutes.

Blood cultures from all suspected sources before administration of antibiotics.

Vigorous intravenous fluid resuscitation with 0.9% sodium chloride.

Answer and Explanation

Correct Answer : A,B,E,F

Choice A rationale:

Temperature control for either hypothermia or hyperthermia is crucial in septic shock management. Here's a detailed explanation:

Hypothermia:

Mechanism: Septic shock often causes impaired thermoregulation, leading to hypothermia. It can worsen shock by decreasing cardiac output, impairing coagulation, and promoting vasoconstriction.

Intervention: Active warming measures are essential, including: External warming devices (e.g., blankets, forced air warmers) Intravenous fluids warmed to 39-42°C

Warmed humidified oxygen

Minimizing exposure and covering the patient Hyperthermia:

Mechanism: Sepsis can trigger an excessive inflammatory response, leading to hyperthermia. It can exacerbate tissue injury, increase metabolic demands, and worsen organ dysfunction.

Intervention: Aggressive measures to lower temperature are necessary, including:

Antipyretic medications (e.g., acetaminophen, ibuprofen) External cooling methods (e.g., cooling blankets, ice packs) Sedation if shivering occurs

Choice B rationale:

Administration of cardiotonic agents such as dopamine, dobutamine, or norepinephrine is often required in septic shock to: Improve cardiac output: These agents increase myocardial contractility and heart rate, enhancing blood flow to vital organs.

Maintain blood pressure: They support vasoconstriction, counteracting the widespread vasodilation characteristic of septic shock.

Improve tissue perfusion: By optimizing cardiac output and blood pressure, they help ensure adequate oxygen and nutrient delivery to tissues.

Choice E rationale:

Blood cultures from all suspected sources before administration of antibiotics are essential for guiding appropriate antibiotic therapy.

Early identification of the causative organism: This information is crucial for selecting the most effective antibiotic regimen.

Prevention of antibiotic resistance: Judicious use of antibiotics based on culture results helps prevent the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

Choice F rationale:

Vigorous intravenous fluid resuscitation with 0.9% sodium chloride is a cornerstone of septic shock management.

Replenishing intravascular volume: Septic shock often causes profound intravascular volume depletion due to capillary leak and vasodilation. Fluid resuscitation aims to restore circulating volume and maintain organ perfusion.

Improving hemodynamic stability: By increasing preload and cardiac output, fluids help stabilize blood pressure and support vital organ function.

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

Choice A rationale:

Painful urination (dysuria) can be a sign of several conditions that could potentially affect the client's IVP or indicate a need for further assessment. These conditions include:

Urinary tract infection (UTI): UTIs are common in clients with recurrent kidney stones, and they can cause inflammation and pain in the urinary tract. If a client has a UTI, it's important to treat it before the IVP to reduce the risk of spreading the infection to the kidneys.

Kidney stone passage: The client's history of kidney stones makes it possible that the pain could be due to the passage of a stone. This would be important information for the healthcare team to know, as it could affect the interpretation of the IVP results.

Other urological conditions: There are other urological conditions, such as bladder or urethral strictures, that can also cause painful urination. These conditions might also need to be considered and assessed for.

It's important for the nurse to collect more data about the client's painful urination to determine the underlying cause and whether it could impact the IVP. This might include asking questions about:

The severity and duration of the pain

Any other associated symptoms, such as fever, urgency, or frequency The client's history of UTIs or kidney stones

Any recent changes in urinary habits

Based on this additional information, the nurse can then collaborate with the healthcare team to determine the best course of action, which might include:

Further assessment, such as a urinalysis or urine culture Treatment for a UTI, if present

Pain management

Rescheduling the IVP, if necessary

A. Metabolic alkalosis. B. Metabolic acidosis. C. Respiratory alkalosis. D. Respiratory acidosis.

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

Choice A rationale:

Metabolic alkalosis is characterized by a high pH (above 7.45), high bicarbonate (HCO3-) levels, and normal or low PaCO2. The patient's ABGs show a low pH (7.26), low bicarbonate (14 mEq/L), and low PaCO2 (30 mm Hg), which are not consistent with metabolic alkalosis.

Choice C rationale:

Respiratory alkalosis is characterized by a high pH (above 7.45), low PaCO2, and normal or slightly elevated bicarbonate levels. The patient's ABGs do show a low PaCO2, but the pH is low (acidic) and the bicarbonate is low, which are not consistent with respiratory alkalosis.

Choice D rationale:

Respiratory acidosis is characterized by a low pH (below 7.35), high PaCO2, and normal or slightly elevated bicarbonate levels. The patient's ABGs do show a low pH, but the PaCO2 is also low, which is not consistent with respiratory acidosis.

Rationale for the correct answer, B:

Metabolic acidosis is characterized by a low pH (below 7.35), low bicarbonate levels, and normal or low PaCO2. The patient's ABGs are consistent with metabolic acidosis because they show a low pH (7.26), low bicarbonate (14 mEq/L), and low PaCO2 (30 mm Hg).

Acute kidney injury is a common cause of metabolic acidosis. The kidneys play a vital role in regulating acid-base balance by excreting acids and reabsorbing bicarbonate. When the kidneys are damaged, they are unable to excrete acids effectively, leading to an accumulation of acids in the blood and a decrease in bicarbonate levels.

Additional Information:

It's important to note that the patient's low PaCO2 is likely a compensatory mechanism for the metabolic acidosis. In response to acidosis, the respiratory system tries to increase ventilation to blow off more carbon dioxide, which helps to raise the pH. However, this compensatory mechanism is often not enough to fully correct the acidosis.

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A patient has been diagnosed with septic shock.What collaborative interventions would be expected? (Select all that apply)

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

A nurse is caring for a client who has recurrent kidney stones and a history of diabetes mellitus.The client is scheduled for an intravenous pyelogram (IVP). What statements made by the client should the nurse collect additional data about?

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A nurse is caring for a patient who has acute kidney injury.The patient’s ABGs are: pH: 7.26, PaCO2: 30 mm Hg, HCO3: 14 mEq/L. Which of the following acid-base imbalances should the nurse identify the patient is experiencing?

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

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A patient has been diagnosed with septic shock.
What collaborative interventions would be expected? (Select all that apply)