A nurse recently hired to the preoperative area learns that certain patients are at higher risk for venous thromboembolism (VTE). Which patients are considered to be at high risk? (Select all that apply.)

A. Melanoma:

Melanoma is a type of skin cancer that arises from melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment (melanin) in the skin. Melanoma lesions are typically irregularly shaped, often asymmetrical, with varying shades of color (brown, black, tan, red, blue). They may have an uneven border and can evolve over time. Melanomas can be raised but are not typically described as indurated (firm) and shiny. They are also more commonly associated with changes in color, size, and shape.

B. Keloid:

A keloid is an abnormal overgrowth of scar tissue that extends beyond the boundaries of the original wound or incision site. Keloids are characterized by their raised appearance, firm or indurated texture, and shiny surface compared to the surrounding skin. They may also be darker than the surrounding skin due to increased collagen deposition. Keloids can develop months after an injury or surgery and are more common in individuals with darker skin tones, such as African Americans.

C. Nevus:

A nevus, commonly known as a mole or birthmark, is a benign growth of melanocytes or other skin cells. Nevus lesions can vary in appearance but are often flat or slightly raised, with a uniform color (brown, black, tan, or flesh-colored). They are usually not described as indurated or shiny. Nevus lesions can be present at birth (congenital nevus) or develop later in life (acquired nevus).

D. Angioma:

Angiomas are benign tumors that originate from blood vessels or lymphatic vessels. They can present as red or purplish raised lesions on the skin. Angiomas are typically not described as indurated or shiny. Common types of angiomas include cherry angiomas (small, red papules) and spider angiomas (red, spider-like lesions with central vessels).

A. Prevents complications, such as meningitis or pneumonitis

While oral acyclovir can be effective in managing HSV infections and reducing the severity of symptoms, it is not primarily used to prevent complications such as meningitis or pneumonitis. These complications may occur in severe cases of HSV infections, but oral acyclovir's main goal is to manage outbreaks and reduce symptoms.

B. Decreases the probability of recurrent outbreaks

Oral acyclovir can help reduce the frequency of recurrent outbreaks in individuals with HSV infections. However, it does not completely eliminate the probability of recurrent outbreaks. Some individuals may still experience occasional outbreaks even with regular use of oral acyclovir. The medication is more focused on managing outbreaks when they occur rather than preventing them entirely.

C. Shortens the outbreak and lessens the severity of symptoms

This option is the correct choice. Oral acyclovir is effective in shortening the duration of HSV outbreaks and reducing the severity of symptoms such as pain, itching, and lesions. It works by inhibiting the replication of the virus, which helps in faster healing and symptom relief. However, it does not cure the infection or eliminate the virus from the body.

D. Eliminates the likelihood of spreading the infection to others

While oral acyclovir can help manage outbreaks and reduce viral shedding, it does not completely eliminate the risk of spreading the infection to others. It can reduce the likelihood of transmission during active outbreaks, but individuals with HSV can still shed the virus and be contagious even when they are not experiencing visible symptoms. Therefore, other precautions such as practicing safe sex and avoiding close contact during outbreaks are also important for preventing transmission.