A nurse is teaching students about the use of isotonic solutions. The nurse recognizes which statements made by a student about isotonic solutions are correct. (SELECT ALL THAT APPLY)

A. Is used to replace fluid loss.

Isotonic solutions, such as normal saline (0.9% NaCl) and lactated Ringer's solution, are used to replace fluid loss in situations such as dehydration, surgery, trauma, or other conditions where there is a need for fluid resuscitation.

B. Usually do not provide calories.

Isotonic solutions typically do not contain calories. They are designed primarily for fluid replacement and do not contribute to the nutritional needs of the patient.

C. Does not expand intravascular volume.

This statement is incorrect. Isotonic solutions are used to expand intravascular volume. When infused into the bloodstream, isotonic solutions help restore and maintain adequate blood volume. They do not cause significant shifts of fluids between compartments.

D. Mostly do not provide free water.

Isotonic solutions generally do not provide free water. They have the same osmolality as body fluids, meaning that they do not cause a net movement of water into or out of cells, and they maintain the osmotic balance.

E. Has the same osmolality as body fluids.

Isotonic solutions have the same osmolality as body fluids, which means they do not cause a net movement of water into or out of cells. This characteristic makes them suitable for situations where there is a need to expand intravascular volume without causing significant shifts in fluid compartments.

A. Obstruction of the bile duct:

Biliary cirrhosis can result from chronic obstruction of the bile ducts, leading to damage to the liver tissue. This obstruction can be due to various causes, such as gallstones or strictures.

B. Hepatotoxic medications:

While certain medications can contribute to liver damage, biliary cirrhosis specifically refers to conditions affecting the bile ducts. Hepatotoxic medications may contribute to cirrhosis but not necessarily biliary cirrhosis.

C. Hepatitis C:

Hepatitis C is a viral infection that primarily affects the liver. While chronic hepatitis C infection can lead to cirrhosis, it is not synonymous with biliary cirrhosis.

D. Excessive alcohol consumption:

Excessive alcohol consumption is a common cause of cirrhosis, but biliary cirrhosis specifically refers to cirrhosis resulting from chronic obstruction of the bile ducts.