A nurse is taking care of a patient that has a new prescription for labetalol (beta blocker). What adverse effect should the nurse include in the medication education?

A) Hypokalemia:
Hypokalemia (low potassium levels) is not a common adverse effect of labetalol. While some medications, such as diuretics, can lead to hypokalemia, labetalol does not typically affect potassium levels directly. Instead, labetalol's primary effects are on blood pressure and heart rate.

B) Bleeding:
Bleeding is not a typical adverse effect of labetalol. Labetalol is a beta blocker that works by blocking beta-adrenergic receptors, which lowers heart rate and blood pressure. It does not interfere with blood clotting or platelet function, so bleeding would not be a concern unless the patient is on other medications that affect coagulation (such as anticoagulants).

C) Bradycardia:
Bradycardia, or a slow heart rate, is a well-known and common adverse effect of beta blockers like labetalol. Labetalol works by blocking the beta-1 adrenergic receptors in the heart, which can reduce heart rate and lower blood pressure. In some individuals, this can result in bradycardia, which could lead to symptoms like dizziness, fatigue, and fainting.

D) Seizures:
Seizures are not a typical adverse effect of labetalol. Although central nervous system effects like dizziness or fatigue can occur due to the blood pressure-lowering effects, seizures are not commonly associated with this medication.

A) Muscle mass:
Passive range of motion (ROM) exercises do not directly increase muscle mass. These exercises primarily help maintain joint function and flexibility rather than build muscle tissue, which requires active resistance exercises and strength training.

B) Bone density:
While weight-bearing activities can help improve bone density, passive ROM exercises do not have a significant impact on bone density. Passive ROM helps preserve joint function and flexibility but does not address the strengthening of bones.

C) Joint flexibility:
Passive ROM exercises are specifically designed to improve and maintain joint flexibility. These exercises involve the nurse or caregiver moving the client’s joints through their full range of motion without the client’s active participation. The goal is to maintain or increase the joint's flexibility and prevent stiffness, especially in patients who are unable to move their limbs actively, such as those who have had a stroke.

D) Muscle strength:
Passive ROM does not increase muscle strength because the client is not actively engaging their muscles. Muscle strength is built through active movements or resistance exercises, where the client’s muscles work against a force. Passive ROM helps maintain joint mobility, not muscle strength.