A nurse is reviewing the laboratory results for a male adult client who is at risk for peripheral arterial disease due to atherosclerosis. The nurse should identify which of the following results places the client at risk :

Triglycerides : 130 mg/dL

HDL : 84 mg/dL

Blood glucose : 92 mg/dL

LDL : 172 mg/dL

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is D

Choice A reason : The triglyceride level of 130 mg/dL is within the normal range, which is less than 150 mg/dL for adults. Therefore, this result does not place the client at risk for peripheral arterial disease.

Choice B reason : An HDL level of 84 mg/dL is considered good as it is higher than the minimum recommended level of 40 mg/dL for males and 50 mg/dL for females. Higher levels of HDL are protective against heart disease.

Choice C reason : A blood glucose level of 92 mg/dL is within the normal fasting range of 70 to 99 mg/dL. This indicates that the client does not have diabetes, which is a risk factor for peripheral arterial disease.

Choice D reason : An LDL level of 172 mg/dL is considered high since the optimal level for LDL is less than 100 mg/dL. High levels of LDL cholesterol can lead to atherosclerosis, increasing the risk for peripheral arterial disease.

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

Choice A reason : Hepatomegaly, or the enlargement of the liver, is a common finding in right-sided heart failure. This condition occurs because the heart does not pump blood effectively, leading to congestion and increased pressure in the venous system, including the hepatic veins. As a result, the liver becomes engorged with blood, causing it to enlarge. The normal liver span in adults is about 10-12 cm in the midclavicular line, and any measurement above this can indicate hepatomegaly.

Choice B reason : Orthopnea, which is shortness of breath while lying flat, is more commonly associated with left-sided heart failure. In right-sided heart failure, symptoms are more related to systemic congestion, such as swelling in the legs and abdomen, rather than pulmonary symptoms like orthopnea.

Choice C reason : Dyspnea, or difficulty breathing, can be a symptom of both left and right-sided heart failure. However, in the context of right-sided heart failure, dyspnea is usually due to the accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity (ascites) and the increased pressure in the abdominal veins, which can compress the diaphragm and make breathing difficult.

Choice D reason : Frothy sputum is typically not a symptom of right-sided heart failure. It is more indicative of pulmonary edema, which is associated with left-sided heart failure. In right-sided heart failure, the primary issues are related to the systemic circulation and venous congestion.

A. The PR intervals are 0.15 second. B. The QT interval is equal to the R-R interval. C. The QRS intervals are 0.08 second. D. The ST segment is above the isoelectric line.

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

Choice A reason: The PR interval, which is the time from the onset of atrial depolarization (beginning of the P wave) to the onset of ventricular depolarization (beginning of the QRS complex), normally ranges from 0.12 to 0.20 seconds. A PR interval of 0.15 second is within the normal range and does not indicate an acute myocardial infarction.

Choice B reason: The QT interval represents the total time for ventricular depolarization and repolarization. The normal QT interval varies based on heart rate and gender but is typically less than half of the R-R interval in a normal heart rhythm. Therefore, a QT interval equal to the R-R interval is abnormally prolonged, which may suggest other conditions but is not a specific indicator of acute myocardial infarction.

Choice C reason: The QRS complex reflects ventricular depolarization and normally ranges from 0.06 to 0.10 seconds. A QRS interval of 0.08 second is within the normal range and does not suggest an acute myocardial infarction.

Choice D reason: ST segment elevation is a critical finding in the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. The ST segment should be at the isoelectric line; elevation above this line is indicative of myocardial injury and is a key diagnostic criterion for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). An elevated ST segment is often seen in the early stages of an acute myocardial infarction and requires immediate medical attention.

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A nurse is reviewing the laboratory results for a male adult client who is at risk for peripheral arterial disease due to atherosclerosis. The nurse should identify which of the following results places the client at risk :

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