A nurse is reviewing the electronic medical record of a middle-aged client who was admitted following a stroke. Which of the following findings should the nurse identify as a modifiable risk factor for stroke?

Hypertension

Client's age

History of sickle cell disease

Parent who has cardiovascular disease

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is A

Choice A Reason:

Hypertension is correct. This is a modifiable risk factor for stroke. Hypertension, or high blood pressure, significantly increases the risk of stroke. Treating and controlling hypertension through lifestyle changes and medication can help reduce the risk of stroke.

Choice B Reason:

Client's age is incorrect. While age itself is not modifiable, age is a non-modifiable risk factor for stroke. Risk of stroke increases with age, particularly in individuals over 55 years old. However, other modifiable risk factors can be addressed to reduce overall risk.

Choice C Reason:

History of sickle cell disease is incorrect. Sickle cell disease is a genetic disorder characterized by abnormal hemoglobin in red blood cells. While sickle cell disease increases the risk of certain complications, such as stroke in children, it is not a modifiable risk factor in the traditional sense.

Choice D Reason:

Parent who has cardiovascular disease is incorrect. While having a parent with cardiovascular disease may indicate a genetic predisposition to certain risk factors, it is not a direct modifiable risk factor for stroke. However, individuals with a family history of cardiovascular disease may have increased awareness and motivation to address modifiable risk factors such as hypertension, smoking, and diabetes.

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Correct Answer is B

Explanation

Choice A Reason:

Primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS) is false. This subtype of MS is characterized by a gradual worsening of symptoms from the onset of the disease, without distinct relapses or remissions. It typically leads to a progressive accumulation of disability over time, without periods of remission. The pattern described by the client, with alternating periods of active symptoms and symptom-free periods, does not align with the continuous progression seen in PPMS.

Choice B Reason:

Relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) is true. RRMS is characterized by distinct relapses, during which new symptoms may appear or existing symptoms may worsen, followed by periods of partial or complete recovery (remissions), during which the symptoms improve or may even disappear entirely. This pattern matches the description provided by the client, indicating RRMS as the likely subtype.

Choice C Reason:

Clinically isolating syndrome (CIS) is false. CIS refers to a single episode of neurological symptoms caused by inflammation or demyelination in the central nervous system, which may or may not progress to MS. However, CIS does not involve the characteristic pattern of relapses and remissions seen in RRMS.

Choice D Reason:

Secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS) is false. SPMS is characterized by a gradual worsening of symptoms and disability over time, following an initial period of relapsing-remitting disease. It may or may not involve distinct relapses and remissions, depending on the individual's disease course. While SPMS can involve periods of symptom exacerbation, it typically lacks the clear pattern of relapses followed by remissions seen in RRMS.

A. Temperature sensitivity B. Contractures C. Sexual dysfunction D. Disc degeneration E. Urinary tract infections

Correct Answer is ["A","B","C","E"]

Explanation

Choice A Reason:

Spinal cord injuries can disrupt the autonomic nervous system, impairing the body's ability to regulate temperature (thermoregulation). This can lead to temperature sensitivity, with clients experiencing issues such as difficulty sweating, shivering, or adapting to extreme temperatures.

Choice B Reason:

Contractures, which are the shortening and tightening of muscles, tendons, or ligaments, can occur as a complication of spinal cord injuries. Immobility and spasticity commonly seen in SCI can contribute to the development of contractures.

Choice C Reason:

Sexual dysfunction is a common complication of spinal cord injuries. SCI can affect sexual function and reproductive health due to changes in sensation, mobility, and autonomic nervous system function.

Choice D Reason:

Disc degeneration, or degenerative disc disease, typically occurs as a result of aging and wear and tear on the spinal discs. While SCI may lead to changes in spinal alignment and biomechanics, it is not a direct cause of disc degeneration.

Choice E Reason:

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a common complication of spinal cord injuries. Neurogenic bladder dysfunction, which is common in SCI, can lead to urinary retention, incomplete bladder emptying, and urinary stasis, increasing the risk of UTIs.

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A nurse is reviewing the electronic medical record of a middle-aged client who was admitted following a stroke. Which of the following findings should the nurse identify as a modifiable risk factor for stroke?

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

A nurse is assessing a client who has multiple sclerosis. The client reports that, since the onset of the disease, there are times when their symptoms are active and then followed by a period with no symptoms. Which of the following types of multiple sclerosis does this pattern indicate?

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

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Correct Answer is ["A","B","C","E"]

Explanation

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