A nurse is reinforcing teaching with an adolescent client about the purpose of the glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) test. Which of the following descriptions should the nurse include in the teaching?

Rationale:

• Sudden onset of fever, headache, sensitivity to light (photophobia): This triad of symptoms is a hallmark of meningeal irritation and strongly suggests meningitis. The sudden onset of fever and headache, paired with photophobia (light sensitivity), is often seen in bacterial or viral meningitis.
• Lethargic and drowsy but arouses with verbal stimuli, Irritable when aroused: This indicates an altered mental status, which is concerning in the context of suspected meningitis. Altered consciousness (such as lethargy and irritability when aroused) suggests central nervous system (CNS) involvement, often due to an infection like meningitis.
• Headache as a 10 on a numeric pain scale of 0 to 10: A severe headache is a key symptom of meningeal irritation, often caused by the inflammation of the meninges in conditions like meningitis. The intensity of the headache (10 out of 10) warrants immediate attention and pain management, alongside investigating the underlying cause.
• Resists flexion of the neck (Nuchal rigidity): Nuchal rigidity (neck stiffness) is a cardinal sign of meningitis or meningeal irritation. It indicates inflammation of the meninges. This finding, especially when combined with other symptoms, strongly points toward meningitis.
• Small pinpoint purpuric rash bilaterally on lower extremities: A purpuric rash (non-blanching could indicate meningococcemia, a severe form of bacterial meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitidis. The presence of this rash requires immediate attention and intervention.

Rationale for incorrect Findings:

• Pupils equal, round, reactive to light, accommodation (PERRLA); This finding suggests that the infant's neurological status is stable in terms of pupil response, with no immediate signs of increased intracranial pressure or brain herniation.
• Hand grasps and pedal pulls and pushes are strong and equal bilaterally: This indicates that the infant is still demonstrating full motor strength and function in the limbs, which is reassuring in the context of meningeal irritation. There is no immediate evidence of weakness or paralysis.

• Mucous membranes are pink and dry: Pinl mucous membranes suggest adequate perfusion and dry mucous membranes could indicate dehydration, which is common with fever and poor oral intake. While it is a concern, the dryness of mucous membranes does not directly point to a critical or life-threatening issue like the neurological findings.
• Skin is very warm and dry to touch: The warmth and dryness of the skin indicate fever, which is expected in infections such as meningitis. Fever management, such as antipyretics (e.g., acetaminophen), is necessary, but it is not as urgent as other neurological findings.
• Capillary refill is 2 seconds: A capillary refill time of 2 seconds is considered normal. It suggests that the child has adequate perfusion and circulation. This is a reassuring sign and does not require immediate follow-up.

A. "There is nothing we can do to minimize overgrowth of their gum tissue.": Incorrect. Gingival hyperplasia is a known side effect of phenytoin, but good oral hygiene and regular dental care can help minimize its severity.
B. "They will need to take 400 IU of vitamin E while on this medication.": Incorrect. Routine vitamin E supplementation is not standard or necessary with phenytoin unless specifically indicated by a provider.
C. "We will need to periodically have their blood drawn to check phenytoin levels.": Correct. Phenytoin has a narrow therapeutic index, so serum drug levels must be monitored regularly to avoid toxicity or subtherapeutic dosing.
D. "This medication may cause their eyes to, at times, move quickly back and forth.": Correct. Nystagmus is a known dose-related side effect of phenytoin, especially at higher levels.
E. "This drug won't decrease the effectiveness of their oral contraceptive medication.": Incorrect. Phenytoin is a hepatic enzyme inducer and can reduce the effectiveness of hormonal contraceptives, so alternate or additional contraceptive methods should be recommended.