A nurse is providing education to a group of clients about post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Which of the following statements should the nurse include in the teaching? (Select all that apply.)
"PTSD can occur after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event.".
"PTSD is characterized by four types of symptoms: re-experiencing, avoidance, negative alterations in cognition and mood, and alterations in arousal and reactivity.".
"Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a treatment option for PTSD.".
"PTSD is only diagnosed if symptoms last for more than one year.".
"People with a history of mental illness are at a higher risk for developing PTSD.".
Correct Answer : A,B,C
Choice A rationale:
PTSD can indeed occur after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event. Trauma can lead to a range of psychological and physiological responses that characterize PTSD.
Choice B rationale:
PTSD is characterized by four main types of symptoms: re-experiencing, avoidance, negative alterations in cognition and mood, and alterations in arousal and reactivity. Re-experiencing symptoms involve intrusive memories or flashbacks, avoidance symptoms involve efforts to avoid reminders of the trauma, negative alterations in cognition and mood encompass feelings of guilt, blame, and distorted thoughts, while alterations in arousal and reactivity can include irritability and exaggerated startle response.
Choice C rationale:
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is indeed a recognized and effective treatment option for PTSD. CBT helps individuals identify and change negative thought patterns and behaviors associated with their trauma, aiming to reduce distress and improve coping mechanisms.
Choice D rationale:
PTSD is not limited to a specific duration for diagnosis. Symptoms must persist for more than a month and cause significant impairment in functioning, but there is no requirement for symptoms to last for more than one year.
Choice E rationale:
While it is true that individuals with a history of mental illness are generally more susceptible to developing various mental health conditions, this statement is not wholly accurate. PTSD can affect anyone exposed to traumatic events, regardless of their mental health history.
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Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Choice A rationale:
Prolonged exposure (PE) is a type of cognitive-behavioral therapy that involves confronting and processing traumatic memories. While it is effective for many individuals with PTSD, its effectiveness in reducing symptoms by 50% to 80% in most clients after 8 to 16 sessions is not as consistently reported as with EMDR.
Choice B rationale:
Cognitive processing therapy (CPT) focuses on addressing maladaptive beliefs related to the traumatic event. While it can be effective, its reported symptom reduction rates may vary, and it might not consistently achieve the 50% to 80% reduction mentioned.
Choice C rationale:
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is a well-established therapy specifically designed for trauma-related disorders like PTSD. Research indicates that many individuals experience significant symptom reduction within 8 to 16 sessions, with reported rates often falling within the 50% to 80% range.
Choice D rationale:
Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) and dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) are therapies often used for conditions like depression and anxiety but may not have as robust a body of evidence for PTSD treatment as EMDR or certain cognitive-behavioral therapies.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Choice A rationale:
Sertraline (Choice A) is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) commonly used to treat conditions such as depression and anxiety disorders. While it may be beneficial in managing certain symptoms of PTSD, it is not classified as an atypical antipsychotic.
Choice B rationale:
Risperidone (Choice B) is an atypical antipsychotic that can be used in the management of PTSD, particularly for reducing hyperarousal symptoms, aggression, and irritability. It helps regulate neurotransmitter activity and has shown efficacy in controlling certain PTSD-related symptoms.
Choice C rationale:
Venlafaxine (Choice C) is a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) used to treat various mood disorders. While it may have some benefits in treating anxiety symptoms associated with PTSD, it is not categorized as an atypical antipsychotic.
Choice D rationale:
Lamotrigine (Choice D) is an anticonvulsant primarily used in the treatment of epilepsy and bipolar disorder. It is not a typical medication for managing PTSD symptoms.
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