A nurse is preparing to administer amoxicillin 2 gm/day PO divided into two doses.

The amount available is amoxicillin 500 mg tablets.

How many tablets should the nurse administer with each dose?

Choice A rationale:

Macrolides Macrolides, such as erythromycin and azithromycin, are a class of antibiotics that are typically used to treat infections caused by gram-positive bacteria and some respiratory tract infections. They are not the first line of treatment for urinary tract infections.

Choice B rationale:

Sulfonamides Sulfonamides, such as sulfamethoxazole, are often used to treat urinary tract infections. They work by stopping the growth of bacteria. Sulfonamides are often combined with other antibiotics like trimethoprim to increase their effectiveness. This combination is commonly known as co-trimoxazole.

Choice C rationale:

Carbapenems Carbapenems are a class of antibiotics that are usually reserved for serious infections caused by gram-negative bacteria. While they can be used to treat a variety of infections, they are not typically the first choice for urinary tract infections.

Choice D rationale:

Tetracyclines Tetracyclines are a group of broad-spectrum antibiotics that are effective against a wide range of bacteria. However, they are not typically used for urinary tract infections. They are more commonly used for infections such as acne, chlamydia, and Lyme disease.

Please consult with a healthcare professional for accurate information.

Choice A rationale:

Phenytoin is an anticonvulsant drug used in the prophylaxis and control of various types of seizures. It has a narrow therapeutic index, which means that the safe and toxic plasma levels of the drug are very close to each other. This characteristic makes the dosing of phenytoin challenging, as even small deviations from the recommended therapeutic range can lead to suboptimal treatment or adverse effects. Therapeutic effect without clinical signs of toxicity occurs more often with serum total concentrations between 10 and 20 mcg/mL34. Therefore, clinicians are advised to initiate therapeutic drug monitoring in patients who require phenytoin.

Choice B rationale:

The statement that phenytoin has a low chance of being effective is incorrect. Phenytoin is a widely used and effective anticonvulsant. It works by slowing down impulses in the brain that cause seizures. It is used to control seizures but does not treat all types of seizures. The effectiveness of phenytoin is not determined by its narrow therapeutic index but by its pharmacological action in the brain.

Choice C rationale:

The assertion that there is no difference between safe and toxic plasma levels of phenytoin is incorrect. There is indeed a difference between the safe (therapeutic) and toxic levels of phenytoin. The therapeutic range for phenytoin is typically between 10 and 20 mcg/mL34. Levels above this range can lead to toxicity, while levels below this range may not provide the desired therapeutic effect.

Choice D rationale:

The statement that a very small dosage of phenytoin can result in the desired therapeutic effect is not entirely accurate. While it’s true that phenytoin is effective in controlling seizures, the dosage required to achieve this effect is not necessarily “very small”. The usual adult dose for seizures is 100 mg orally 3 times a day. The dosage may need to be adjusted based on individual patient factors and response to therapy. Therefore, it’s not accurate to generalize that a “very small” dosage will result in the desired therapeutic effect for all patients.