A nurse is preparing a response protocol for botulism as a bioterrorism agent. The nurse should prepare the protocol based on which of the following information? (Select all that apply.)
Botulism is acquired through direct contact with an infected person.
Notify the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) when more than three cases are confirmed.
Botulism can produce paralysis within 12 to 72 hours following exposure.
Vomiting and diarrhea are expected findings following exposure.
Botulism is a toxin found in castor beans.
Correct Answer : C,D
Choice A reason: Botulism is Acquired Through Direct Contact with an Infected Person
Botulism is not acquired through direct contact with an infected person. It is caused by a toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. The most common forms of botulism are foodborne, wound, and infant botulism. Foodborne botulism occurs when a person ingests food containing the toxin, while wound botulism occurs when the bacteria infect a wound and produce the toxin. Infant botulism occurs when infants ingest spores of the bacteria, which then grow and produce the toxin in their intestines.
Choice B reason: Notify the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) When More Than Three Cases Are Confirmed
While notifying the CDC is crucial in the event of a botulism outbreak, the specific threshold for notification can vary. Generally, any suspected case of botulism should be reported to public health authorities immediately due to the severity of the disease and the potential for outbreaks. The CDC provides guidelines for reporting and managing botulism cases.
Choice C reason: Botulism Can Produce Paralysis Within 12 to 72 Hours Following Exposure
Botulism can indeed produce paralysis within 12 to 72 hours following exposure. The toxin affects the nervous system, leading to muscle paralysis. Early symptoms include weakness, dizziness, and dry mouth, followed by more severe symptoms such as blurred vision, difficulty swallowing, and muscle weakness. If left untreated, botulism can lead to respiratory failure and death.
Choice D reason: Vomiting and Diarrhea Are Expected Findings Following Exposure
Vomiting and diarrhea may occur early, especially in foodborne or inhalational exposures, before neurologic signs appear
Choice E reason: Botulism is a Toxin Found in Castor Beans
Botulism is not a toxin found in castor beans. The toxin found in castor beans is ricin, which is a different type of bioterrorism agent. Botulism is caused by the botulinum toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum bacteria.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is ["15"]
Explanation
Step 1: Determine the dosage available per mL.
- The available dosage is 75 mg per 5 mL.
- To find the dosage per mL, divide 75 mg by 5 mL.
- 75 mg ÷ 5 mL = 15 mg/mL.
- Result: 15 mg/mL.
Step 2: Determine how many mL are needed for the prescribed dose.
- The prescribed dose is 225 mg.
- To find the required mL, divide 225 mg by the dosage per mL (15 mg/mL).
- 225 mg ÷ 15 mg/mL = 15 mL.
- Result: 15 mL.
So, the nurse should administer 15 mL of clindamycin palmitate oral suspension every 8 hours.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A reason: Low-Grade Fever
Low-grade fever is a common early symptom of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It is often associated with the body’s inflammatory response to the autoimmune activity occurring in the joints. While it can persist throughout the disease, it is not considered a late manifestation.
Choice B reason: Weight Loss
Weight loss can occur in RA due to chronic inflammation and its effects on metabolism and appetite. However, it is more commonly seen in the early to middle stages of the disease rather than as a late manifestation. Persistent inflammation can lead to muscle wasting and weight loss, but these are not specific to the advanced stages of RA.
Choice C reason: Anorexia
Anorexia, or loss of appetite, is another symptom that can be present in RA. It is often related to the chronic inflammation and pain associated with the disease, which can reduce a person’s desire to eat. Like weight loss, anorexia can occur at various stages of RA and is not specifically a late manifestation.
Choice D reason: Knuckle Deformity
Knuckle deformity is a late manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis. As RA progresses, the chronic inflammation can lead to joint damage and deformities, particularly in the hands and fingers. This includes changes such as ulnar deviation, swan neck deformities, and boutonnière deformities. These deformities result from the destruction of joint tissues and the formation of scar tissue, which can significantly impair hand function.
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