A nurse is preparing a care plan for a patient who is about to receive a transfusion of packed red blood cells. What should be the maximum duration for the total infusion time?

Choice C rationale
Hepatic encephalopathy is a condition that can cause confusion or delirium in patients with end-stage liver disease and increasing ascites. It occurs when the liver is unable to remove toxins from the blood, such as ammonia, which can then accumulate in the brain and affect mental function. This condition is common in patients with cirrhosis or end-stage liver disease, and can manifest as confusion, changes in sleep patterns, mood alterations, and, in severe cases, coma.
Choice A rationale
While dementia can cause confusion and changes in mental status, it is typically a progressive condition that develops over time. In the context of a patient with end-stage liver failure and

increasing ascites who is usually lucid, a sudden onset of confusion or delirium is more likely to be due to a condition related to their liver disease, such as hepatic encephalopathy.
Choice B rationale
Schizophrenia is a chronic mental disorder characterized by distortions in thinking, perception, emotions, language, sense of self, and behavior. It is not typically associated with end-stage liver disease or ascites. In the context of a patient with end-stage liver failure and increasing ascites who is usually lucid, a sudden onset of confusion or delirium is more likely to be due to a condition related to their liver disease, such as hepatic encephalopathy.
Choice D rationale
While a urinary tract infection (UTI) can cause confusion, especially in older adults, it would not typically be the primary suspect in a patient with end-stage liver failure and increasing ascites. In such a patient, hepatic encephalopathy is a more likely cause of confusion or delirium.

Choice A rationale
While a nasogastric tube can be used to determine the pH of gastric secretions, this is not typically the primary reason for its use in the treatment of pyloric obstruction.
Choice B rationale
While nasogastric tubes can be used to supply nutrients via tube feedings, this is not typically the primary reason for its use in the treatment of pyloric obstruction. In the case of pyloric obstruction, the focus is usually on relieving the obstruction rather than on feeding.
Choice C rationale
While nasogastric tubes can be used to administer medications, this is not typically the primary reason for its use in the treatment of pyloric obstruction.
Choice D rationale
The primary reason for the use of a nasogastric tube in the treatment of pyloric obstruction is to decompress the stomach. Pyloric obstruction can cause a buildup of gastric contents above the level of the obstruction, leading to symptoms such as nausea and vomiting. A nasogastric tube can be used to remove these contents and relieve symptoms.