A nurse is meeting with the caregivers of a client who has Alzheimer's disease who is at risk for wandering. Which of the following are manifestations that put the client at risk for wandering that the nurse should educate their caregivers about?

A) "Pentoxifylline can be administered to help the platelets from sticking together and occluding the vessels": Pentoxifylline is a medication used to improve blood flow by decreasing the viscosity of blood. However, it is not typically used to treat mitral valve stenosis. This statement does not accurately reflect treatment options for this condition.

B) "A heparin bolus is administered and followed with a continuous infusion to help keep the blood thinner": Heparin is an anticoagulant used to prevent blood clot formation, but it is not a treatment for mitral valve stenosis itself. While anticoagulants may be used in certain situations with mitral valve stenosis (such as in the setting of atrial fibrillation), they do not directly address the underlying valve narrowing.

C) "A flexible catheter will be inserted into a vessel of the arm, neck, or groin and advanced to the heart to dilate a narrowed or occluded artery": This statement describes a procedure known as percutaneous transluminal mitral valvuloplasty (PTMV), which is a minimally invasive intervention used to treat mitral valve stenosis. During this procedure, a catheter with a deflated balloon on its tip is inserted into a vessel and guided to the heart, where the balloon is inflated to widen the narrowed valve.

D) "A small catheter with a balloon on the end is threaded into a vessel in the groin and advanced to the heart where the balloon will be inflated, and the narrowed valve will be dilated": This statement accurately describes balloon valvuloplasty, which is a common procedure used to treat mitral valve stenosis. By inflating the balloon within the narrowed valve, the procedure aims to widen the valve opening, thus improving blood flow through the heart.

Answer: A, B, and C

Rationale: A) Falls: Falls are a leading cause of traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) across all age groups, especially among older adults and young children. Falls can occur due to various factors such as slipping, tripping, or accidents from heights.

B) Violence: Acts of violence, including assaults, gunshot wounds, and domestic abuse, are significant contributors to TBIs. These traumatic events can result in head injuries with varying degrees of severity, depending on the force and nature of the trauma.

C) Sports-related injuries: Participation in contact sports or activities with a risk of collision or impact, such as football, soccer, or cycling, can lead to TBIs. Athletes may experience concussions or more severe head injuries during games or practice sessions.

D) Working as a firefighter: While occupations like firefighting can expose individuals to hazardous situations, including fires and building collapses, they are not typically cited as primary causes of TBIs. However, firefighters may face head injury risks while performing their duties, especially during rescue operations or structural collapses.

E) Working in a factory: While accidents in industrial settings can lead to various injuries, including head trauma, they are not among the primary causes of TBIs. However, workers in factories or industrial environments may face risks associated with machinery accidents, falling objects, or workplace incidents.