A nurse is instructing a group of nursing students in measuring a client’s respiratory rate. Which of the following guidelines should the nurse include? (Select all that apply)

Place the client in semi-Fowler’s position

Have the client rest an arm across the abdomen

Observe one full respiratory cycle before counting the rate

count the rate for 30 sec if it is irregular

Count and report any sighs the client demonstrates

Answer and Explanation

Correct Answer : C,E

A. Place the client in semi-Fowler’s position:

While the semi-Fowler's position can be helpful in assessing respiratory function, it is not specifically required for measuring the respiratory rate. The key is to ensure the client is comfortable and able to breathe easily.

B. Have the client rest an arm across the abdomen:

Placing the arm across the abdomen is not a standard practice for measuring respiratory rate. The key is to allow the client to breathe naturally, and this position is not necessary for accurate measurement.

C. Observe one full respiratory cycle before counting the rate:

This ensures that the count is accurate and reflective of the client's typical breathing pattern.

D. Count the rate for 30 seconds if it is irregular:

When measuring the respiratory rate, it is generally recommended to count for a full minute to obtain an accurate representation of the client's breathing pattern. Counting for 30 seconds may underestimate or overestimate the rate, especially if the irregularity is not consistent.

E. Count and report any sighs the client demonstrates:

Sighs can be indicative of emotional or physiological stress, and noting them is important for a comprehensive respiratory assessment.

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A. Pallor:

Pallor refers to an unusually pale or white skin color. It is often associated with reduced blood flow, anemia, or shock. Pallor is characterized by a lack of the normal rosy color of the skin.

B. Jaundice:

Jaundice is a yellowing of the skin and mucous membranes due to an excess of bilirubin in the blood. It can be associated with liver dysfunction or other conditions affecting the normal breakdown and elimination of bilirubin.

C. Cyanosis:

Cyanosis is a bluish-gray discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes caused by a decrease in oxygen levels in the blood. It can result from various conditions affecting oxygenation, such as respiratory or circulatory problems. In the context of a broken leg, cyanosis on the affected leg could suggest compromised blood flow or oxygenation.

D. Erythema:

Erythema refers to redness of the skin, often due to increased blood flow to the area. It can be a normal response to irritation, injury, or inflammation. Unlike bluish-gray discoloration seen in cyanosis, erythema is characterized by a red appearance.

A. Regular deep respirations interspersed with periods of apnea B. A pattern of crescendo-decrescendo respirations followed by a period of apnea C. Patient breathing less than 10 breaths per minute D. Patient breathing shallow and more than 24 breaths per minute

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A. Regular deep respirations interspersed with periods of apnea:

This describes periodic breathing, which is different from Cheyne-Stokes respirations. Periodic breathing consists of regular cycles of deep respirations followed by periods of apnea.

B. A pattern of crescendo-decrescendo respirations followed by a period of apnea

Cheyne-Stokes respirations are characterized by a pattern of crescendo-decrescendo respirations, meaning that the depth and rate of breathing gradually increase and then decrease. This is followed by a period of apnea, during which there is a temporary cessation of breathing. The cycle then repeats.

C. Patient breathing less than 10 breaths per minute:

This describes bradypnea, which is an abnormally slow respiratory rate. Cheyne-Stokes respirations involve rhythmic, cyclical changes in respiratory rate and depth.

D. Patient breathing shallow and more than 24 breaths per minute:

This describes tachypnea, which is an abnormally fast respiratory rate. Cheyne-Stokes respirations are characterized by a distinct pattern of alternating crescendo-decrescendo respirations followed by apnea.

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