A nurse is giving a presentation to a community group about preventing atherosclerosis. Which of the following should the nurse include as modifiable risk factors for this disorder? (Select all that apply.)

Choice A rationale
Canned soup is typically high in sodium, which can worsen fluid volume excess (FVE). Patients with liver failure need to limit sodium intake to reduce fluid retention.

Choice B rationale
Baked chicken breast is a low-sodium and protein-rich option suitable for clients with liver failure. Protein is essential for tissue repair and maintaining fluid balance within the body.

Choice C rationale
A bowl of ice cream is high in sugar and fat, which can be difficult for a liver-compromised patient to process and may contribute to further fluid retention.

Choice D rationale
Spaghetti with commercial red sauce can be high in sodium due to the sauce, which is not recommended for clients with FVE as it may exacerbate their condition.

Choice A rationale
Potassium levels are not directly affected by lactulose. While cirrhosis can lead to imbalances in electrolytes, including potassium, lactulose is not used to manage potassium levels in the bloodstream.

Choice B rationale
Ammonia is produced by the breakdown of proteins in the intestines and is normally processed by the liver. In cirrhosis, the liver's ability to convert ammonia to urea is impaired, leading to increased levels in the blood. Lactulose helps reduce blood ammonia levels by converting it into ammonium, which is then excreted.

Choice C rationale
Bicarbonate levels are related to the body's pH balance and are not the target of lactulose treatment. Cirrhosis does not typically result in bicarbonate imbalances that would be treated with lactulose.

Choice D rationale
Glucose levels are managed by insulin and other metabolic processes, not lactulose. While cirrhosis can affect overall metabolism, lactulose does not have a direct effect on blood glucose levels.