A nurse is feeding a client who has heart failure. Which of the following findings indicates that the client is gaining fluid volume excess?

Creatinine 1.3 mg/dL

BNP 300 pg/mL

Potassium 3.5 mEq/L

Sodium 140 mEq/L

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is B

Choice A reason: Creatinine 1.3 mg/dL is slightly elevated, but it does not indicate fluid volume excess. Creatinine is a waste product of muscle metabolism that is filtered by the kidneys. High creatinine levels can indicate kidney damage or impaired renal function.

Choice B reason: BNP 300 pg/mL is high and indicates fluid volume excess. BNP stands for brain natriuretic peptide, which is a hormone released by the heart when it is stretched by increased blood volume or pressure. High BNP levels can indicate heart failure or fluid overload.

Choice C reason: Potassium 3.5 mEq/L is within the normal range (3.5-5.0), and it does not indicate fluid volume excess. Potassium is an electrolyte that helps regulate nerve and muscle function, especially the heart. Low or high potassium levels can cause cardiac arrhythmias, muscle weakness, or paralysis.

Choice D reason: Sodium 140 mEq/L is within the normal range (135-145), and it does not indicate fluid volume excess. Sodium is an electrolyte that helps maintain fluid balance, blood pressure, and nerve impulses. Low or high sodium levels can cause confusion, seizures, or coma.

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Correct Answer is B

Explanation

Choice A reason: Consume ten percent of total calories from saturated fat is not a correct instruction for the DASH diet. The DASH diet recommends limiting saturated fat intake to less than six percent of total calories, as saturated fat can raise blood cholesterol and increase the risk of heart disease.

Choice B reason: Consume foods that are high in calcium is a correct instruction for the DASH diet. The DASH diet emphasizes eating foods that are rich in calcium, such as low-fat dairy products, leafy green vegetables, and fortified cereals. Calcium helps regulate blood pressure and prevent osteoporosis.

Choice C reason: Increase intake of refined carbohydrates is not a correct instruction for the DASH diet. The DASH diet advises reducing intake of refined carbohydrates, such as white bread, white rice, and sweets. Refined carbohydrates can increase blood sugar and insulin levels and contribute to obesity and diabetes.

Choice D reason: Limit sodium intake to 3,200 milligrams per day is not a correct instruction for the DASH diet. The DASH diet recommends limiting sodium intake to less than 2,300 milligrams per day, or even lower to 1,500 milligrams per day for some people. Sodium can increase blood pressure and fluid retention and damage the kidneys and blood vessels.

A. Skim milk B. Unsalted popcorn C. Raw carrots D. Graham crackers

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

Choice A reason: Skim milk is not an appropriate snack choice for a 9-month-old infant. Infants under 12 months of age should not consume cow's milk, as it can cause iron deficiency, gastrointestinal bleeding, and allergic reactions. Infants should be breastfed or formula-fed until they are 12 months old.

Choice B reason: Unsalted popcorn is not an appropriate snack choice for a 9-month-old infant. Popcorn is a choking hazard for infants, as it can easily get stuck in their throat or lungs. Infants should not be given any hard, round, or sticky foods that can cause choking.

Choice C reason: Raw carrots are not an appropriate snack choice for a 9-month-old infant. Raw carrots are also a choking hazard for infants, as they are hard and difficult to chew and swallow. Infants should be given soft, cooked, or pureed vegetables that can be easily mashed with their gums.

Choice D reason: Graham crackers are an appropriate snack choice for a 9-month-old infant. Graham crackers are soft, easy to chew and swallow, and provide carbohydrates and energy. They can also help infants practice their self-feeding skills and finger coordination.

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A nurse is feeding a client who has heart failure. Which of the following findings indicates that the client is gaining fluid volume excess?

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