A nurse is educating clients about breast cancer at a community health event. Which of the following statements should the nurse include in the training?
Breast cancer can occur in any part of the breast, but ductal breast cancer is most common.
Breastfeeding increases the risk of breast cancer in women over 40 years of age.
Clients who have BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene changes have a decreased risk of breast cancer.
Clients should begin screening mammography annually by the age of 50 years old.
The Correct Answer is A
Choice A rationale
Breast cancer can occur in any part of the breast, but ductal breast cancer is most common. This statement is correct because the majority of breast cancers originate in the ducts that carry milk to the nipple. Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) are the most common types of breast cancer, accounting for about 80% of all cases.
Choice B rationale
Breastfeeding increases the risk of breast cancer in women over 40 years of age. This statement is incorrect. In fact, breastfeeding is known to reduce the risk of breast cancer. The longer a woman breastfeeds, the greater the protective effect. This is thought to be due to hormonal changes that occur during lactation, which may delay the return of menstrual periods and reduce a woman’s lifetime exposure to hormones like estrogen that can promote breast cancer cell growth.
Choice C rationale
Clients who have BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene changes have a decreased risk of breast cancer. This statement is incorrect. Mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes significantly increase the risk of developing breast cancer. Women with these mutations have a 45-65% chance of developing breast cancer by age 70, compared to about 12% for women in the general population. These genes normally help repair DNA damage, but when they are mutated, they can lead to the development of cancer.
Choice D rationale
Clients should begin screening mammography annually by the age of 50 years old. This statement is partially correct but not entirely accurate. The American Cancer Society recommends that women with an average risk of breast cancer should start annual mammograms at age 45 and can switch to biennial screening at age 55. However, women should have the option to start screening as early as age 40 if they choose.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A rationale
The client has an increased risk for bleeding. Cisplatin is a chemotherapy drug that can cause myelosuppression, leading to a decrease in platelets (thrombocytopenia). However, the client’s platelet count is 170,000/mm³, which is within the normal range (150,000-450,000/mm³).
Therefore, the client does not have an increased risk for bleeding based on the current CBC results.
Choice B rationale
The client should receive an erythropoiesis stimulating agent. Cisplatin can cause anemia due to myelosuppression, which would be indicated by a low hemoglobin (Hgb) and hematocrit (Hct). However, the client’s Hgb is 12.1 g/dL and Hct is 36.5%, both of which are within normal limits (Hgb: 12-16 g/dL for females, Hct: 36-48% for females). Therefore, there is no immediate need for an erythropoiesis stimulating agent based on the current CBC results.
Choice C rationale
The client should receive a diet with increased protein. While a high-protein diet can be beneficial for cancer patients to help maintain muscle mass and support recovery, the CBC results do not indicate a specific need for increased protein intake. The client’s albumin level is 4.5 g/dL, which is within the normal range (3.5-5.0 g/dL), indicating adequate protein status.
Choice D rationale
The client has an increased risk of infection. Cisplatin can cause neutropenia, a condition characterized by a low white blood cell (WBC) count, which increases the risk of infection. The client’s WBC count is 1,400/mm³, which is significantly below the normal range (4,000- 11,000/mm³). This indicates severe neutropenia, putting the client at a high risk for infections. Therefore, it is crucial for the nurse to consider infection prevention measures for this client.
Correct Answer is ["B","C","E"]
Explanation
Choice A rationale
A heart rate of 110/min and regular is not an immediate concern in this context. Tachycardia can occur due to various reasons, including anxiety or pain, and does not require immediate follow-up.
Choice B rationale
Oxygen saturation of 95-96% is within the normal range and does not require immediate follow-up.
Choice C rationale
Subcutaneous emphysema requires immediate follow-up because it indicates air leakage into the subcutaneous tissue, which can be a sign of pneumothorax or other complications.
Choice D rationale
A trachea that is midline does not require immediate follow-up as it indicates there is no mediastinal shift.
Choice E rationale
A dry puncture site does not require immediate follow-up as it indicates there is no ongoing issue at the insertion site.
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