A nurse is collecting data on a client who has bradycardia. Which of the following findings should the nurse expect?

Fixed volume deficit

Anxiety

Lightheadedness

Elevated temperature

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is C

Choice A reason : A fixed volume deficit, or hypovolemia, is not a direct finding associated with bradycardia. Bradycardia refers to a slower than normal heart rate, typically below 60 beats per minute in adults⁸. Hypovolemia can cause various compensatory mechanisms to activate, including an increase in heart rate to maintain cardiac output, which is the opposite of bradycardia. Therefore, a fixed volume deficit is not a typical finding in bradycardia unless it is part of a broader clinical picture⁹.

Choice B reason : Anxiety is a condition that can sometimes lead to an increased heart rate, known as tachycardia, rather than a decreased heart rate as seen in bradycardia. While anxiety can coexist with bradycardia, especially if the patient is anxious about their health, it is not a direct symptom or finding of bradycardia itself⁹.

Choice C reason : Lightheadedness is a common symptom of bradycardia. When the heart rate is too slow, it may lead to inadequate cerebral perfusion, which can cause a feeling of lightheadedness or dizziness. This symptom can be particularly evident when the patient changes positions, such as standing up quickly, which can exacerbate the effects of reduced cardiac output on cerebral blood flow⁸⁹.

Choice D reason : An elevated temperature is not typically associated with bradycardia. Fever can actually lead to an increased heart rate as the body attempts to manage the higher metabolic demands associated with a raised temperature. Bradycardia in the presence of fever might indicate a more complex clinical scenario, such as myocarditis or central nervous system infections, but it is not a direct finding of bradycardia⁹.

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Correct Answer is ["A","C","D"]

Explanation

Choice A reason : Dyspnea, or difficulty breathing, is a common symptom of left-sided heart failure. It occurs because the heart is unable to pump efficiently, leading to a backup of fluid in the lungs, which can cause shortness of breath.

Choice B reason : Jugular vein distention is typically associated with right-sided heart failure, not left-sided. It occurs when there is an increased pressure in the right atrium, leading to visible bulging of the neck veins.

Choice C reason : Orthopnea, or difficulty breathing while lying flat, is another symptom of left-sided heart failure. Fluid accumulation in the lungs makes it difficult for the patient to breathe without elevation, hence they may need to sleep with extra pillows.

Choice D reason : Crackles, which are heard during lung auscultation, are indicative of fluid accumulation in the alveoli due to the inefficiency of the left side of the heart to pump blood, leading to pulmonary congestion.

Choice E reason : Tachycardia, or rapid heartbeat, can be a response to left-sided heart failure as the body attempts to compensate for the decreased cardiac output by increasing the heart rate to maintain adequate blood flow.

Choice F reason : Gastrointestinal bloating is more commonly associated with right-sided heart failure due to systemic venous congestion leading to fluid accumulation in the abdominal organs and tissues.

A. Intermittent claudication B. Darkened skin color near extremities C. Warm extremities D. Edema

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

Choice A reason f:Intermittent claudication is a classic symptom of PAD, characterized by muscle pain or cramping in the legs triggered by exercise, such as walking, which typically disappears after a few minutes of rest. This symptom occurs due to inadequate blood flow to the muscles during increased demand.

Choice B reason :Darkened skin color near the extremities, also known as hyperpigmentation, can occur in PAD due to the chronic ischemia and the resultant buildup of waste products in the tissue, which may lead to skin changes.

Choice C reason :Warm extremities are not typically associated with PAD. In fact, patients with PAD may have cooler extremities compared to the rest of the body due to reduced blood flow.

Choice D reason :Edema is not a common finding in PAD. Instead, PAD can lead to decreased skin temperature, loss of hair, shiny skin, and non-healing wounds on the extremities due to poor circulation.

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