A nurse is caring for four clients on the urology unit. Which of the following clients should the nurse plan to teach about kidney stone prevention?

The client admitted to the hospital who has clinical findings of severe flank pain, nausea, and vomiting.

The client admitted to the hospital who has clinical findings of polyuria, nocturia, proteinuria, and a palpable kidney mass.

The client admitted to the hospital who has clinical findings of urinary urgency, weak urine stream, and dysuria.

The client admitted to the hospital who has clinical findings of periorbital edema, dark frothy urine, and elevated blood pressure.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is A

A. The client admitted to the hospital who has clinical findings of severe flank pain, nausea, and vomiting: These are hallmark signs of a current or recent episode of kidney stones. Once the acute symptoms are managed, this client would benefit the most from kidney stone prevention education, including dietary modifications and increased fluid intake, to reduce recurrence risk.
B. The client admitted to the hospital who has clinical findings of polyuria, nocturia, proteinuria, and a palpable kidney mass: These signs suggest a chronic kidney condition such as polycystic kidney disease or another form of kidney pathology rather than nephrolithiasis. Kidney stone prevention is not the primary teaching focus for this client.
C. The client admitted to the hospital who has clinical findings of urinary urgency, weak urine stream, and dysuria: These symptoms are more consistent with a lower urinary tract condition such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) or a urinary tract infection, rather than kidney stones. Prevention teaching should be focused on the underlying cause.
D. The client admitted to the hospital who has clinical findings of periorbital edema, dark frothy urine, and elevated blood pressure: These symptoms point to nephrotic syndrome or glomerulonephritis, which involve protein loss and renal inflammation. The pathophysiology here differs from that of kidney stone formation, and stone prevention would not be the priority.

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A. Ability to target and destroy CD4 lymphocytes: HIV targets and destroys CD4 lymphocytes, which are a key component of the immune system. This destruction weakens the immune system, making the individual more susceptible to opportunistic infections. This is a central feature of HIV's pathogenesis.
B. Conversion of the virus's RNA into DNA: The conversion of HIV's RNA into DNA occurs during replication, but this alone does not cause opportunistic infections. It is the destruction of CD4 cells that leads to the immune suppression and susceptibility to infections.
C. Having reverse transcriptase enzyme: Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme that helps HIV replicate its RNA into DNA. While essential for HIV replication, the presence of reverse transcriptase does not directly cause opportunistic infections; it is the result of the viral replication that weakens the immune system.
D. Containing only a single strand of genetic material: HIV contains single-stranded RNA as its genetic material. While this is true, the key factor in causing opportunistic infections is the virus’s ability to destroy CD4 cells, which weakens the immune system.

A. Tachycardia B. Pleural effusion C. Respiratory alkalosis D. Increased troponin levels

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A. Tachycardia: Tachycardia is a common early sign of pulmonary embolism caused by hypoxia and sympathetic stimulation. However, it is nonspecific and not a direct indicator of embolism size or mortality risk.
B. Pleural effusion: A small pleural effusion can occur with a pulmonary embolism due to inflammation or infarction, but its presence does not correlate with embolism severity or predict outcomes such as death.
C. Respiratory alkalosis: Respiratory alkalosis is a typical response to hyperventilation in early PE. While common, it does not indicate the extent of the embolism or the risk of mortality and can be seen in mild cases.
D. Increased troponin levels: Elevated troponin indicates right ventricular strain or injury due to a moderate to large pulmonary embolism. This cardiac biomarker is associated with a higher risk of complications and death, signaling hemodynamic stress from the embolic event..

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A nurse is caring for four clients on the urology unit. Which of the following clients should the nurse plan to teach about kidney stone prevention?

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

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Correct Answer is D

Explanation

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