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A nurse is caring for an older adult client in the emergency department who sustained a head injury due to a fall. Which of the following are common reasons for head injuries in older adults?
(Select All that Apply.)

Decreased visual acuity

Motor vehicle crashes

Polypharmacy

Weakness

Chronic hypertension

Previous military experience

Answer and Explanation

Correct Answer : A,C,D,E

Choice A Reason:

Decreased visual acuity is correct. Yes, decreased visual acuity, including issues such as poor depth perception, reduced peripheral vision, and difficulty with contrast sensitivity, can contribute to falls and head injuries in older adults.

Choice B Reason:

Motor vehicle crashes is incorrect. While motor vehicle crashes can cause head injuries in individuals of all ages, they are less common among older adults compared to younger age groups.

Choice C Reason:

Polypharmacy is correct. Yes, polypharmacy, which refers to the use of multiple medications concurrently, is a common risk factor for falls and head injuries in older adults. Certain medications, especially those with sedative or psychotropic effects, can increase the risk of falls and accidents.

Choice D Reason:

Weakness is correct. Yes, weakness, frailty, and decreased muscle strength are common age-related changes that can increase the risk of falls and subsequent head injuries in older adults.

Choice E Reason:

Chronic hypertension, particularly when poorly controlled, can contribute to an increased risk of falls in older adults through various mechanisms:Hypertension medications or the condition itself can lead to orthostatic hypotension. This can cause dizziness or lightheadedness, increasing the risk of falls. Chronic hypertension is a major risk factor for cerebrovascular disease, including strokes. These events can lead to neurological deficits such as weakness, numbness, or impaired balance, predisposing individuals to falls.

Choice F Reason:

Previous military experience is incorrect. While previous military experience may contribute to certain health conditions or injuries in older adults, it is not a common reason for head injuries specifically related to falls or accidents in this population.

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

Choice A Reason:

Decreased mucus production contributes to airway constriction: This statement is incorrect. Bronchospasm does not decrease mucus production; instead, it primarily affects the smooth muscles surrounding the bronchioles, leading to their constriction and narrowing of the airways. Increased mucus production, often accompanied by inflammation, can contribute to airway obstruction in conditions like asthma.

Choice B Reason:

Inflammation is reduced due to airway diameter: This statement is incorrect. Bronchospasm typically occurs in the setting of inflammation in conditions such as asthma. Constriction of the airways during bronchospasm exacerbates the inflammation and can further narrow the airways, leading to symptoms such as wheezing and dyspnea.

Choice C Reason:

Bronchospasm occurs when there is inflammation, edema, and excess mucus: This statement is partially correct. Bronchospasm often occurs in the presence of inflammation, edema, and excess mucus production, as seen in conditions like asthma. These factors contribute to airway hyperresponsiveness, leading to bronchospasm and airway narrowing.

Choice D Reason:

Airway obstruction occurs due to thinning mucus: This statement is incorrect. Airway obstruction in conditions like asthma is primarily due to bronchospasm, inflammation, and excessive mucus production, rather than thinning mucus. Thinning of mucus would not typically contribute to airway obstruction.

A. Encourage the client to walk regularly. B. Provide the client with fresh fruits and vegetables. C. Restrict fluids to 800 mL/day. D. Minimize exposure to outside activities. E. Teach the client how to use a walker.

Correct Answer is ["A","B","E"]

Explanation

Choice A Reason:

Encouraging the client to walk regularly is appropriate. Regular exercise, including walking, can help improve mobility, balance, and overall physical function in individuals with Parkinson's disease. It can also help alleviate symptoms such as stiffness and tremors.

Choice B Reason:

Providing the client with fresh fruits and vegetables is appropriate. A healthy diet rich in fresh fruits and vegetables provides essential nutrients, antioxidants, and fiber, which can support overall health and well-being. While diet alone does not directly treat Parkinson's disease, maintaining a nutritious diet is important for overall health.

Choice C Reason:

Restricting fluids to 800 mL/day is inappropriate. Fluid restriction is not typically indicated for individuals with Parkinson's disease unless they have a specific medical condition such as heart failure or kidney disease, which may require fluid restriction as part of their management plan. Restricting fluids excessively can lead to dehydration, which can worsen symptoms such as fatigue, confusion, and constipation, common in Parkinson's disease. Adequate hydration is important for overall health and well-being, including maintaining proper kidney function and preventing urinary tract infections, which individuals with Parkinson's disease may be susceptible to due to urinary retention issues.

Choice D Reason:

Minimizing exposure to outside activities is inappropriate. While it's important for individuals with Parkinson's disease to take precautions to avoid falls and injuries, completely restricting exposure to outside activities is not necessary or advisable. Physical activity, social engagement, and exposure to sunlight are beneficial for both physical and mental health. Encouraging individuals with Parkinson's disease to remain engaged in activities they enjoy, with appropriate safety measures in place, can help maintain their quality of life and overall well-being.

Choice E Reason:

Teaching the client how to use a walker is inappropriate. Assistive devices such as walkers can help individuals with Parkinson's disease maintain mobility and independence, especially if they experience gait disturbances or balance problems. Teaching the client how to use a walker safely and effectively can enhance their quality of life and reduce the risk of falls.

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A nurse is caring for an older adult client in the emergency department who sustained a head injury due to a fall. Which of the following are common reasons for head injuries in older adults? (Select All that Apply.)

Nursing Test Bank

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

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Correct Answer is ["A","B","E"]

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A nurse is caring for an older adult client in the emergency department who sustained a head injury due to a fall. Which of the following are common reasons for head injuries in older adults?
(Select All that Apply.)