A nurse is caring for an older adult client in the emergency department who sustained a head injury due to a fall. Which of the following are common reasons for head injuries in older adults?
(Select All that Apply.)

Choice A Reason:

Photosensitivity is incorrect. Photosensitivity, or sensitivity to light, is not a common symptom of multiple sclerosis. While individuals with MS may experience visual disturbances, such as blurred vision or optic neuritis, sensitivity to light is not typically reported as a primary symptom.

Choice B Reason:

Memory issues is correct. Memory issues, including problems with short-term memory, concentration, and cognitive processing speed, are common neurological symptoms in individuals with multiple sclerosis. Cognitive impairment can affect various aspects of memory and cognitive function.

Choice C Reason:

Lhermitte's sign is correct. Lhermitte's sign is a classic neurological sign characterized by an electric shock-like sensation that radiates down the spine or into the limbs upon flexing the neck. It is a common symptom in multiple sclerosis, often associated with cervical spinal cord lesions.

Choice D Reason:

Seizures is incorrect. Seizures are not a typical symptom of multiple sclerosis. While individuals with MS may experience various neurological symptoms, seizures are not a common manifestation of the disease.

Choice E Reason:

Central vision loss is correct. Visual disturbances, including central vision loss, blurred vision, double vision, or optic neuritis, are common symptoms of multiple sclerosis. Optic neuritis, inflammation of the optic nerve, is a frequent manifestation of MS that can lead to temporary or permanent central vision loss.

Choice A Reason:

Chronic cough is correct. Persistent cough is a common symptom of COPD, often occurring due to irritation and inflammation in the airways.

Choice B Reason:

Sputum production is correct. COPD patients frequently experience increased mucus production, leading to coughing up phlegm or sputum, especially in the morning.

Choice C Reason:

Dyspnea is correct. Shortness of breath or dyspnea is a hallmark symptom of COPD, particularly during physical activity or exertion, and it tends to worsen as the disease progresses.

Choice D Reason:

Wheezing occurs due to narrowed airways and increased airway resistance. It is more noticeable during expiration but can also be present during inspiration in severe cases.

Choice E Reason:

Chest tightness is incorrect. While chest tightness can occur in COPD, it is typically more associated with asthma. However, some individuals with COPD may experience chest tightness, especially during exacerbations or when airflow is significantly limited.