A nurse is caring for a client who is receiving tobramycin. The nurse should monitor the client for which of the following adverse effects?

A. Alprazolam. Alprazolam, a benzodiazepine, is metabolized in the liver and can accumulate in clients with chronic liver disease, increasing the risk of sedation, confusion, and hepatic encephalopathy. Benzodiazepines should be used cautiously or avoided in clients with liver impairment.

B. Rotavirus vaccine. The rotavirus vaccine is a live, attenuated vaccine given to infants to prevent severe diarrhea caused by rotavirus infection. It is not recommended for adults, including those with chronic liver disease, as it is not indicated for their age group or condition.

C. Niacin. Niacin is used to lower cholesterol and treat vitamin B3 deficiency, but it can cause hepatotoxicity, especially in high doses. In clients with chronic liver disease, niacin may worsen liver function, making it an inappropriate choice unless absolutely necessary and closely monitored.

D. Hepatitis A vaccine. Clients with chronic liver disease are at higher risk of severe complications from hepatitis A infection. Vaccination provides protection against hepatitis A, which can cause acute liver failure in individuals with pre-existing liver disease. It is recommended to prevent further liver damage and protect overall health.

A. "Instruct the client's visitors not to operate the PCA pump.” Only the client should press the PCA button to self-administer medication. Allowing visitors or family members to press the button ("PCA by proxy") increases the risk of over-sedation, respiratory depression, and opioid toxicity. The nurse should reinforce to visitors that only the client should control medication delivery based on their own pain level.

B. "Check the client's pain level every 8 hours." Pain assessment should be performed more frequently than every 8 hours when a client is receiving morphine PCA. Pain, sedation level, and respiratory status should be monitored every 1–2 hours initially and then at regular intervals as determined by hospital protocol to ensure effective pain management and prevent complications such as respiratory depression.

C. "Diarrhea is an adverse effect of morphine PCA." Morphine is an opioid analgesic that commonly causes constipation, not diarrhea. Opioids slow gastric motility, which can lead to delayed bowel movements, bloating, and discomfort. Clients on long-term opioid therapy often require stool softeners or laxatives to prevent opioid-induced constipation.

D. "Using morphine PCA increases the client's risk of toxicity." PCA pumps are designed with preset dose limits and lockout intervals to prevent overdose. While there is a risk of opioid toxicity if the system is misused (e.g., PCA by proxy or improper settings), PCA is actually safer than traditional opioid administration methods because it allows for precise dosing and patient-controlled pain management. Proper monitoring helps prevent complications.