A nurse is caring for a client who has kidney cancer and has been told it has metastasized. Which of the following statements should the nurse make when the client asks what metastasis means?

"Metastasis means a group of abnormal kidney cells is localized to a single location."

"Metastasis occurs when cancerous growths are located in the kidneys and also another part of the body."

"Metastasis occurs when cancer cells grow until they run out of space and stop growing."

"Metastasis is when a group of kidney cells have changed to more closely resemble intestinal cells."

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is B

A. "Metastasis means a group of abnormal kidney cells is localized to a single location.": This describes a localized or primary tumor, not metastasis. Metastasis refers specifically to the spread of cancer cells beyond the original site.
B. "Metastasis occurs when cancerous growths are located in the kidneys and also another part of the body.": Metastasis is the process by which cancer cells break away from the original tumor and spread through the blood or lymphatic system to distant organs. It indicates the presence of secondary tumors outside the kidney.
C. "Metastasis occurs when cancer cells grow until they run out of space and stop growing.": Cancer cells do not stop growing when space runs out; they continue to grow uncontrollably. This statement does not accurately reflect the meaning or mechanism of metastasis.
D. "Metastasis is when a group of kidney cells have changed to more closely resemble intestinal cells.": This describes metaplasia, not metastasis. Metaplasia is a change in cell type due to chronic irritation, not the spread of cancer.

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Correct Answer is ["A","B","C"]

Explanation

A. Inflammation: In ARDS, widespread inflammation is triggered in response to lung injury, leading to cytokine release and recruitment of immune cells. This causes damage to the alveolar epithelium and disrupts normal gas exchange.
B. Apoptosis: Programmed cell death (apoptosis) occurs in both alveolar epithelial and endothelial cells as part of the tissue response to injury in ARDS. This contributes to impaired surfactant production and gas exchange.
C. Necrosis: Severe epithelial injury in ARDS can lead to necrosis, a form of uncontrolled cell death, further compromising alveolar integrity and promoting fluid leakage into alveoli.
D. Decreased alveolar-capillary permeability: In ARDS, the opposite occurs—increased alveolar-capillary permeability—allowing protein-rich fluid to leak into the alveoli, which leads to non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema.
E. Hypercapnia: While hypercapnia may result from impaired gas exchange in ARDS, it is a consequence of the condition, not a direct cellular characteristic of pulmonary epithelial damage.

A. The client should maintain systolic BP between 141 and 145 mm Hg. B. The client should maintain systolic BP between 136 and 140 mm Hg C. The client should maintain systolic BP between 120 and 129 mm Hg. D. The client should maintain systolic BP between 130 and 135 mm Hg

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A. The client should maintain systolic BP between 141 and 145 mm Hg. This BP range is too high for clients with hypertension, especially those who have had a transient ischemic attack (TIA). The goal is to reduce BP to lower levels to prevent further stroke risk.
B. The client should maintain systolic BP between 136 and 140 mm Hg: This is still too high. Current guidelines recommend keeping systolic BP lower to reduce the risk of recurrent strokes or further vascular damage.
C. The client should maintain systolic BP between 120 and 129 mm Hg: This is the most appropriate target for clients with hypertension and TIA. Maintaining a BP within this range is known to reduce the risk of future strokes.
D. The client should maintain systolic BP between 130 and 135 mm Hg: While this range is lower than some others, it is still above the ideal target for stroke prevention, which is under 130 mm Hg for clients at high risk.

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A nurse is caring for a client who has kidney cancer and has been told it has metastasized. Which of the following statements should the nurse make when the client asks what metastasis means?

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

A nurse is caring for a client who has acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The nurse should identify which of the following changes are characteristic of cellular damage to the pulmonary epithelium? (Select All that Apply.)

Correct Answer is ["A","B","C"]

Explanation

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

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