A nurse is caring for a client who has an infected surgical wound on his abdomen. The nurse notes that the wound has redness, warmth, swelling, pain, and purulent drainage. The nurse recognizes these findings as indicative of what stage of inflammation?

Choice A reason:

This is an incorrect answer because an induration of 5 mm or more is considered a positive reaction only for certain high-risk groups, such as people who are HIV-positive, have recent contact with a person with active tuberculosis, or have chest radiograph findings consistent with prior tuberculosis.

Choice B reason:

This is a correct answer because an induration of 10 mm or more is considered a positive reaction for most people, including those who are recent immigrants from high-prevalence countries, injection drug users, residents or employees of high-risk settings, children younger than 4 years old, or people with certain medical conditions that increase the risk of tuberculosis.

Choice C reason:

This is an incorrect answer because an induration of 15 mm or more is considered a positive reaction only for people who have no known risk factors for tuberculosis.

Choice D reason:

This is an incorrect answer because an induration of 20 mm or more is not a criterion for a positive reaction, as it exceeds the maximum threshold for any group.

Choice A reason:

Bacteria are microorganisms that have a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan and a cell membrane composed of phospholipids. They can be classified by their shape (cocci or bacilli), their Gram stain (positive or negative), or their oxygen requirement (aerobic or anaerobic).

Choice B reason:

Viruses are microorganisms that have a nucleic acid core (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat (capsid) and sometimes an envelope derived from the host cell membrane. They can only replicate inside living cells and cause various diseases such as influenza, herpes, hepatitis, or AIDS.

Choice C reason:

Fungi are microorganisms that have a cell wall composed of chitin and a cell membrane composed of ergosterol. They can exist as yeasts or molds depending on the environmental conditions. Candida albicans is an example of fungi that can cause infections such as thrush, vaginitis, or systemic candidiasis.

Choice D reason:

Parasites are microorganisms that live on or in another organism (host) and derive nutrients from it. They can be classified by their size (protozoa or helminths) or their mode of transmission (vector-borne or direct contact). They can cause infections such as malaria, giardiasis, or schistosomiasis.