A nurse is caring for a client who has a respiratory illness that has resulted in chronic hypoxia. Which of these conditions can develop as a result of long-term hypoxia?

A. Repeating the same question over and over: This behavior might indicate confusion or lack of understanding but is not a typical anticipated outcome of education. Effective education should lead to better understanding rather than repeated questions.

B. Awareness of COPD manifestations: An anticipated outcome of education for a client with COPD is increased awareness of their condition and its manifestations. This knowledge helps the client manage their symptoms and recognize exacerbations early.

C. Anxiety and restlessness: While some anxiety might be present, effective education aims to reduce anxiety by providing information and strategies for managing COPD. The goal is to increase confidence and knowledge, which can help mitigate anxiety.

D. Motivation and engagement of the client: While motivation and engagement are positive outcomes, they are not the primary focus of initial educational interventions. The primary goal is to ensure that the client is aware of their condition and understands how to manage it effectively.

A. Impaired carbon dioxide elimination due to shunting: Shunting in ARDS affects oxygenation rather than carbon dioxide elimination. ARDS primarily results in impaired gas exchange due to inflammation and fluid accumulation in the alveoli, affecting oxygen rather than CO2.

B. Decreased pulmonary arterial pressure due to ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) mismatch: ARDS typically leads to increased pulmonary arterial pressure due to inflammation and decreased lung compliance. The V/Q mismatch contributes to impaired gas exchange, often resulting in elevated pulmonary arterial pressure rather than decreased.

C. Hypoxemia due to dead space: In ARDS, hypoxemia is primarily due to impaired gas exchange from damaged alveoli, not due to dead space. Dead space refers to areas where ventilation occurs without adequate blood flow, which is not the main issue in ARDS.

D. Decreased pulmonary compliance due to stiffness: ARDS is characterized by decreased pulmonary compliance due to the stiffness of the lung tissue caused by inflammation and edema. This decreased compliance makes lung expansion more difficult, which is a central feature of ARDS.