A nurse is caring for a client who has a history of breast cancer and cardiovascular disease and is seeking advice on contraception.

Which of the following contraceptive methods should the nurse recommend as the safest option for this client?

The correct answer is choice C. Increased risk of HIV transmission.According to some sources, spermicide that contains nonoxynol-9 (N-9) can irritate sensitive genital tissues, especially if used several times a day.

This irritation can increase the risk of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections by giving infections an easy pathway into the body.

Choice A is wrong because vaginal dryness is not a common side effect of spermicide.

Choice B is wrong because bacterial vaginosis is not directly linked to spermicide use.

Choice D is wrong because cervical cancer is not caused by spermicide use.

Spermicide is a type of contraceptive that works by stopping sperm from reaching an egg.

It comes in different forms such as gels, creams, foams, films or suppositories.It needs to be inserted into the vagina before sex and used correctly every time for it to be effective.

All of the above.

This is because IUDs have multiple mechanisms of action that prevent fertilization and implantation of the ovum.According to the search results, some of these mechanisms are:

• IUDs immobilize sperm and interfere with their migration from the vagina to the fallopian tubes.This is because copper ions released from copper IUDs are toxic for spermatozoa and impair their motility and viability.Hormonal IUDs also thicken the cervical mucus, which blocks sperm from entering the uterus.
• IUDs speed up the transport of the ovum through the fallopian tube.This is because IUDs induce a local inflammatory reaction in the endometrium, which affects the signaling between the uterus and the ovary and alters the tubal motility.This reduces the chances of fertilization by shortening the time window for sperm-egg interaction.
• IUDs inhibit fertilization and cause lysis of the blastocyst.This is because IUDs affect the function or viability of gametes, decreasing the rate of fertilization and lowering the chances of survival of any embryo that may be formed.IUDs also interfere with implantation of the fertilized ovum by creating a hostile environment in the uterine cavity.

Choice A is wrong because it only describes one mechanism of action of IUDs, not all of them.

Choice B is wrong because it only describes another mechanism of action of IUDs, not all of them.

Choice C is wrong because it only describes yet another mechanism of action of IUDs, not all of them.