A nurse is administering albumin to a client who has hypovolemic shock due to hemorrhage. The nurse understands that albumin is which of the following types of solutions?

Crystalloid.

Colloid.

Hypertonic.

Hypotonic.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is B

Choice A reason:

Crystalloid solutions are fluids that contain electrolytes and can diffuse across semipermeable membranes. They are used to treat dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and hypovolemia. However, they are not as effective as colloids in expanding the intravascular volume and maintaining the blood pressure. Therefore, choice A is incorrect.

Choice B reason:

Colloid solutions are fluids that contain large molecules such as proteins, starches, or gelatin that cannot cross the capillary membrane. They exert an osmotic pressure that draws fluid from the interstitial and intracellular spaces into the intravascular space. They are used to treat hypovolemic shock, burns, and hemorrhage. Albumin is a type of colloid solution that is derived from human plasma and contains 5% or 25% protein. It increases the plasma volume and the blood pressure by increasing the oncotic pressure. Therefore, choice B is correct.

Choice C reason:

Hypertonic solutions are fluids that have a higher osmolarity than the blood plasma. They draw water out of the cells and into the intravascular space. They are used to treat hyponatremia, cerebral edema, and severe dehydration. However, they can cause fluid overload, hypertension, and cellular dehydration if given in excess. Therefore, choice C is incorrect.

Choice D reason:

Hypotonic solutions are fluids that have a lower osmolarity than the blood plasma. They provide free water and electrolytes to the cells and the interstitial space. They are used to treat hypernatremia, cellular dehydration, and fluid loss due to burns or diuresis. However, they can cause fluid shifts from the intravascular space to the interstitial and intracellular spaces, resulting in hypovolemia, hypotension, and edema. Therefore, choice D is incorrect.

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

Choice A reason:

Serum glucose 600 mg/dL. This is an expected finding for a client who has diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) DKA results from a deficiency of insulin, which leads to hyperglycemia and ketosis. The normal range for serum glucose is 70 to 110 mg/dL.

Choice B reason:

Serum bicarbonate 28 mEq/L. This is not an expected finding for a client who has DKA. A client who has DKA experiences ketosis, which results in ketones in the urine and blood. The nurse should expect a client who has DKA to have an HCO3- less than 15 mEq/L. This decreased value is due to an increased production of ketones, which results in metabolic acidosis. The normal range for serum bicarbonate is 22 to 26 mEq/L.

Choice C reason:

Serum potassium 2.5 mEq/L. This is not an expected finding for a client who has DKA. A client who has DKA experiences osmotic diuresis and subsequent dehydration, which can cause electrolyte imbalances. The nurse should expect a client who has DKA to have elevated serum potassium levels due to the movement of potassium from the intracellular to the extracellular space in response to acidosis. The normal range for serum potassium is 3.5 to 5 mEq/L.

Choice D reason:

Serum sodium 150 mEq/L. This is not an expected finding for a client who has DKA. A client who has DKA experiences osmotic diuresis and subsequent dehydration, which can cause electrolyte imbalances. The nurse should expect a client who has DKA to have decreased serum sodium levels due to the dilutional effect of excess glucose in the blood. The normal range for serum sodium is 136 to 145 mEq/L.

A. U waves. B. Absent P waves. C. Elevated T waves. D. Inverted QRS complexes.

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

Choice A reason:

U waves are not a sign of high potassium level, but rather of low potassium level (hypokalemia) Hypokalemia can cause ST segment depression, T wave flattening or inversion, and prominent U waves.

Choice B reason:

Absent P waves are not a sign of high potassium level, but rather of a severe conduction block or atrial fibrillation. High potassium level can cause P wave widening or flattening, and PR prolongation, but not complete disappearance of P waves.

Choice C reason:

Elevated T waves are the most common and earliest sign of high potassium level (hyperkalemia) Hyperkalemia can cause tall, peaked, symmetric T waves that may merge with the QRS complex. This is the correct answer.

Choice D reason:

Inverted QRS complexes are not a sign of high potassium level, but rather of ventricular arrhythmias or myocardial infarction. High potassium level can cause QRS widening and bizarre QRS morphology, but not inversion.

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A nurse is administering albumin to a client who has hypovolemic shock due to hemorrhage. The nurse understands that albumin is which of the following types of solutions?

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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

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