A client with chronic osteoarthritis is troubled by knee pain. Which pathophysiological process is contributing to the pain?

Inflammation results from deposition of crystals in the synovial space of joints producing irritation.

Inflammation is caused by immune complex and autoantibody deposition in connective tissue.

Joint inflammation occurs when chondrocyte injury destroys joint cartilage, producing osteophytes.

Joint destruction happens due to an autoimmune inflammation involving IgG response to an antigen.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is C

Chronic osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease characterized by the breakdown of joint cartilage and underlying bone changes. The pathophysiological process of OA involves various factors contributing to joint pain and inflammation. Here's why option C is the correct choice:

A) Inflammation results from deposition of crystals in the synovial space of joints producing irritation:

This statement is more characteristic of crystal-induced arthritis, such as gout or pseudogout, where crystals (e.g., urate or calcium pyrophosphate crystals) deposit in the joints and cause acute inflammation and irritation. While inflammation may occur in OA, it is primarily a result of mechanical stress and cartilage degradation rather than crystal deposition.

B) Inflammation is caused by immune complex and autoantibody deposition in connective tissue:

This statement is more characteristic of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), where immune complex deposition and autoantibody production lead to chronic inflammation and joint damage. In OA, inflammation is not primarily mediated by immune complex deposition or autoantibodies.

C) Joint inflammation occurs when chondrocyte injury destroys joint cartilage, producing osteophytes:

Correct. In osteoarthritis, joint inflammation occurs as a result of chondrocyte injury and cartilage breakdown. Over time, the degenerative changes in the joint lead to the formation of osteophytes (bone spurs) at the joint margins. These changes can irritate surrounding tissues, including the synovium, ligaments, and tendons, contributing to joint pain and inflammation.

D) Joint destruction happens due to an autoimmune inflammation involving IgG response to an antigen:

This statement is more characteristic of autoimmune arthritis, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), where autoantibodies (e.g., rheumatoid factor, anti-citrullinated protein antibodies) target joint tissues, leading to chronic inflammation and joint destruction. In OA, joint destruction primarily results from mechanical stress and wear-and-tear on the joint structures rather than autoimmune mechanisms.

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A) Blockage of retinal capillaries causing ischemic damage of the central macular area:

Correct. Blurry central vision that worsens over time can be indicative of macular ischemia, often caused by blockage of retinal capillaries leading to ischemic damage of the central macular area. This condition can occur in diseases such as diabetic retinopathy or retinal vein occlusion.

B) Opaque spoke-like lines developing in the periphery of the lens to the center:

This description is more characteristic of cataracts, which cause visual disturbances such as glare or halos around lights rather than blurry central vision.

C) Tears in the retina that detach from the lining of the posterior eyeball:

Retinal tears and subsequent detachment can cause visual disturbances, but they typically present as sudden onset of floaters, flashes of light, and a curtain-like shadow over the visual field rather than blurry central vision.

D) An increase in intraocular pressure with loss of peripheral vision:

This description is indicative of glaucoma, which can lead to loss of peripheral vision (visual field defects) rather than blurry central vision. Glaucoma-related visual field loss usually begins peripherally and progresses inward, affecting central vision in later stages.

A. 40 to 60. B. 20 to 40. C. 60 to 80. D. 80 to 100.

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

The atrioventricular (AV) node is an essential component of the cardiac conduction system responsible for transmitting electrical impulses from the atria to the ventricles. The inherent rate of the AV node refers to its intrinsic ability to generate electrical impulses in the absence of external influences.

Here's a breakdown of each option:

A) 40 to 60:

Correct. The inherent rate of the AV node is typically 40 to 60 beats per minute (bpm). This rate is slower than that of the sinoatrial (SA) node, which has an inherent rate of 60 to 100 bpm. The AV node acts as a backup pacemaker, ensuring that the ventricles receive electrical impulses even if the SA node fails to function properly.

B) 20 to 40:

This range is not consistent with the typical inherent rate of the AV node. A rate of 20 to 40 bpm would be unusually slow and could indicate significant conduction system abnormalities rather than the normal functioning of the AV node.

C) 60 to 80:

This range is more characteristic of the inherent rate of the SA node rather than the AV node. The SA node is the primary pacemaker of the heart, and its inherent rate is typically 60 to 100 bpm.

D) 80 to 100:

Similar to option C, this range is more consistent with the inherent rate of the SA node rather than the AV node. The SA node typically has a faster intrinsic rate compared to the AV node.

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A client with chronic osteoarthritis is troubled by knee pain. Which pathophysiological process is contributing to the pain?

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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

A client reports experiencing blurry central vision that has recently worsened. Which pathological process supports the client's subjective report?

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

What is the inherent rate of the AV (atrioventricular) node area?

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

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