A 68-year-old male patient is presenting with urinary incontinence. Which characteristics are commonly associated with overflow incontinence and functional incontinence?
(Select All that Apply.)

Loss of urine during laughing or sneezing

Constant dribbling of urine despite frequent urination

Frequent urination at night with a strong urge

Sudden and intense urge to urinate followed by loss of urine

Answer and Explanation

Correct Answer : B,E

A.   Loss of urine during laughing or sneezing is typically associated with stress incontinence, not overflow or functional incontinence.
B.   Constant dribbling of urine despite frequent urination is a hallmark of overflow incontinence, often caused by an underactive bladder or obstruction.
C.   Frequent urination at night with a strong urge is more characteristic of urge incontinence.
D.   Sudden and intense urge to urinate followed by loss of urine is also indicative of urge incontinence.
E.   Inability to access the toilet in time due to physical limitations, such as arthritis, is common in functional incontinence, where the person is unable to reach the bathroom in time despite normal bladder function.

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Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A. Increasing the oxygen flow rate could worsen respiratory depression in patients with COPD, as they rely on low oxygen levels to stimulate breathing.
B. Switching to a non-rebreather mask could further elevate the oxygen levels and may lead to hypoventilation or respiratory distress.
C. Monitoring the patient closely and reassessing in 30 minutes might be appropriate if the patient shows no immediate signs of respiratory distress, but the priority is to address the decreased respiratory rate.
D. Reducing the oxygen flow rate to 1 L/min and notifying the healthcare provider is the most appropriate action, as it may reduce the risk of respiratory depression caused by excessive oxygen.

A. Discoloration of the fingers B. Swelling of the entire hand C. Pain in the forearm without hand involvement D. Positive Phalen's test E. Positive Tinel's sign F. Pain relief with wrist extension

Correct Answer is ["D","E"]

Explanation

A. Discoloration of the fingers is not typically associated with carpal tunnel syndrome, which mainly involves nerve compression.
B. Swelling of the entire hand is not a common finding in carpal tunnel syndrome, though localized swelling at the wrist may occur.
C. Pain in the forearm without hand involvement is not typical of carpal tunnel syndrome, which primarily affects the wrist and hand.
D. A positive Phalen's test is indicative of carpal tunnel syndrome, as it reproduces symptoms when the wrist is flexed.
E. A positive Tinel's sign, which involves tapping the median nerve at the wrist to elicit symptoms, is a classic test for carpal tunnel syndrome.
F. Pain relief with wrist extension is common in carpal tunnel syndrome, as extending the wrist relieves pressure on the median nerve.

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A 68-year-old male patient is presenting with urinary incontinence. Which characteristics are commonly associated with overflow incontinence and functional incontinence? (Select All that Apply.)

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Correct Answer is D

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A 68-year-old male patient is presenting with urinary incontinence. Which characteristics are commonly associated with overflow incontinence and functional incontinence?
(Select All that Apply.)