A 23-year-old patient is diagnosed with myoclonic seizures. Which of the following characteristics is most indicative of this type of seizure?

Staring spells with a brief loss of awareness

Sudden, brief involuntary muscle jerks typically occurring on both sides of the body.

Loss of consciousness followed by a period of confusion.

Prolonged muscle contractions lasting several minutes.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is B

A.   Staring spells with a brief loss of awareness are characteristic of absence seizures, not myoclonic seizures.
B.   Myoclonic seizures involve sudden, brief, involuntary muscle jerks that typically occur on both sides of the body, which is the key characteristic for this type of seizure.
C.   Loss of consciousness followed by confusion is characteristic of tonic-clonic or focal seizures, not myoclonic seizures.
D.   Prolonged muscle contractions lasting several minutes describe a tonic seizure, which is distinct from myoclonic seizures.

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Correct Answer is ["A","C","D","G"]

Explanation

A. Smoking can exacerbate GERD symptoms. It weakens the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), increasing the likelihood of acid reflux.
B. GERD is not primarily caused by excessive production of stomach acid. It is usually due to a failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to prevent the backflow of stomach contents into the esophagus.
C. GERD is caused by the relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter. When the LES is weakened or relaxes abnormally, acid can reflux into the esophagus, causing symptoms.
D. Elevating the head of the bed can help reduce GERD symptoms. It helps to prevent acid from moving back into the esophagus during sleep.
E. A diet high in citrus fruits is not recommended for GERD management. Citrus fruits can aggravate acid reflux symptoms.
F. Antibiotics are not the first-line treatment for GERD. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) or H2 blockers are typically used to manage GERD symptoms.
G. Obesity is a risk factor for GERD. It can increase intra-abdominal pressure, which may contribute to the reflux of acid into the esophagus.

A. Blood glucose level of 140 mg/dL with low insulin levels. B. Blood glucose level of 180 mg/dL with normal ketone levels. C. Blood glucose level of 250 mg/dL with normal ketone levels. D. Blood glucose level of 600 mg/dL with elevated ketone levels in blood and urine.

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A. A blood glucose level of 140 mg/dL is too low for DKA, which typically involves hyperglycemia above 250 mg/dL.
B. A blood glucose level of 180 mg/dL and normal ketone levels are inconsistent with DKA, as DKA involves both high glucose and elevated ketones.
C. A blood glucose level of 250 mg/dL with normal ketone levels would not suggest DKA. Elevated ketones are a critical part of diagnosing DKA.
D. A blood glucose level of 600 mg/dL with elevated ketone levels in blood and urine confirms DKA, a life-threatening complication of Type 1 diabetes.

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A 23-year-old patient is diagnosed with myoclonic seizures. Which of the following characteristics is most indicative of this type of seizure?

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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

A nursing student is reviewing the pathophysiology and management of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD). Which of the following statements are accurate regarding GERD? (Select All that Apply.)

Correct Answer is ["A","C","D","G"]

Explanation

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Correct Answer is D

Explanation

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