Which statement about operant and classical conditioning is most accurate?
Both depend on observable stimuli and responses
They are competing concepts, and each is equally effective in explaining the same learned behavior
Classical conditioning is more applicable to nonhuman behavior and operant conditioning to human behavior
Both focus on learned responses to fear
The Correct Answer is A
A. Both operant and classical conditioning involve observable stimuli and responses. In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response. In operant conditioning, behaviors are influenced by consequences like reinforcement or punishment.
B. They are complementary rather than competing concepts, each explaining different types of learning. Classical conditioning deals with associations between stimuli, while operant conditioning deals with consequences of behavior.
C. Both classical and operant conditioning apply to both human and nonhuman behavior, not exclusively one or the other.
D. While classical conditioning can involve learned responses to fear, it is not the sole focus of either conditioning type, which can apply to a wide range of behaviors.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Cognitive therapy focuses on changing thought patterns, not directly on behavior modification through reinforcement.
B. Operant conditioning therapy uses reinforcement to encourage desirable behavior, and a token economy is a system where tokens are earned for specific behaviors and later exchanged for rewards.
C. Classical conditioning therapy involves pairing stimuli to evoke responses, such as in Pavlov's experiments, but it doesn't typically use reinforcement systems like token economies.
D. Gestalt therapy focuses on personal awareness and the present moment, not behavior reinforcement systems like token economies.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. The unconditioned response (UCR) refers to the dog's natural reaction to food, such as salivation, not the food itself.
B. The food is the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) because it naturally and automatically triggers the dog's salivation (the unconditioned response) without prior learning.
C. The conditioned response (CR) refers to a learned response, like salivation to a conditioned stimulus (e.g., a bell).
D. The conditioned stimulus (CS) would be something like the bell that, after association with food, eventually causes salivation.
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