Which of the following statements by a client with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) requires further teaching or clarification? (Select all that apply.)

"I will monitor my nutrition and fluid status."

"Because I have HIV, that means I'm an AIDS patient."

"I can still have unprotected intercourse with my partner since he doesn't have HIV."

"I need to ensure that I place my needles in a proper needle disposal container."

"I can spread this through contact with surfaces, so I need to wear gloves in public."

Answer and Explanation

Correct Answer : B,C,E

Choice A reason: "I will monitor my nutrition and fluid status." is not a statement that requires further teaching or clarification, because it is correct and appropriate. Monitoring nutrition and fluid status is an important selfcare measure for people with HIV, as it can help maintain the immune function, prevent dehydration, and promote healing. People with HIV should eat a balanced and varied diet, drink enough water, and avoid foods or drinks that can cause diarrhea, nausea, or vomiting.

Choice B reason: "Because I have HIV, that means I'm an AIDS patient." is a statement that requires further teaching or clarification, because it is incorrect and misleading. Having HIV does not mean that one has AIDS, but rather that one is at risk of developing AIDS. HIV is the virus that causes AIDS, which is the most advanced stage of the infection. AIDS is diagnosed when the CD4+ Tcell count drops below 200 cells per microliter of blood, or when the person develops one or more opportunistic infections or cancers. People with HIV can delay or prevent the progression to AIDS by taking antiretroviral drugs, which can suppress the viral load and improve the immune function.

Choice C reason: "I can still have unprotected intercourse with my partner since he doesn't have HIV." is a statement that requires further teaching or clarification, because it is incorrect and misleading. Having unprotected intercourse with a partner who does not have HIV is not safe or advisable, as it can expose the partner to the risk of contracting HIV. HIV is transmitted through sexual contact, as well as through blood, semen, vaginal fluid, or breast milk. People with HIV should use condoms or other barrier methods during intercourse, regardless of the HIV status of their partner. People with HIV should also inform their partner about their infection, and encourage them to get tested and treated if needed.

Choice D reason: "I need to ensure that I place my needles in a proper needle disposal container." is not a statement that requires further teaching or clarification, because it is correct and appropriate. Placing needles in a proper needle disposal container is an important infection prevention measure for people with HIV, as it can prevent the accidental or intentional reuse or sharing of needles, which can transmit HIV or other bloodborne diseases. People with HIV should use new and sterile needles for injections, and dispose of them in a punctureresistant and leakproof container, which can be obtained from a pharmacy, clinic, or health department.

Choice E reason: "I can spread this through contact with surfaces, so I need to wear gloves in public." is a statement that requires further teaching or clarification, because it is incorrect and exaggerated. Spreading HIV through contact with surfaces is not possible or likely, as the virus does not survive long outside the body, and is not transmitted by casual contact, such as touching, hugging, or sharing utensils. Wearing gloves in public is not necessary or advisable, as it can create a false sense of security, stigma, or discrimination. People with HIV should practice good hygiene, such as washing hands, covering coughs, and cleaning wounds, but they do not need to wear gloves or other protective equipment in public.

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

Choice A reason: Stage 4 is the remodeling stage of bone healing, which occurs from 6 to 12 weeks after the fracture. In this stage, the callus, which is a mass of fibrous tissue and cartilage that forms around the fracture site, is gradually resorbed and replaced by mature bone. The bone becomes stronger and more compact and regains its original shape and function.

Choice B reason: Stage 3 is the callus formation stage of bone healing, which occurs from 2 to 6 weeks after the fracture. In this stage, the granulation tissue, which is a soft tissue that fills the fracture gap, is replaced by a callus that bridges the fracture ends. The callus is composed of fibroblasts, chondroblasts, and osteoblasts that produce collagen, cartilage, and bone matrix. The callus stabilizes the fracture and prepares it for remodeling.

Choice C reason: Stage 5 is not a valid stage of bone healing. There are only four stages of bone healing: stage 1 is the inflammatory stage, stage 2 is the reparative stage, stage 3 is the callus formation stage, and stage 4 is the remodeling stage.

Choice D reason: Stage 1 is the inflammatory stage of bone healing, which occurs from the time of the fracture to 3 to 5 days after the fracture. In this stage, the blood vessels around the fracture site are ruptured and form a hematoma, which is a blood clot that surrounds the fracture ends. The hematoma triggers an inflammatory response that involves the release of cytokines, growth factors, and inflammatory cells that initiate the healing process. The hematoma also provides a scaffold for the granulation tissue to grow.

A. Higherthannormal number of CD4+ Tcells and CD8+ Tcells are normal B. Lowerthannormal number of CD4+ Tcells and CD8+ Tcells are normal C. Lowerthannormal number of CD4+ Tcells and higher than normal CD8+ Tcells D. Higherthannormal number of CD4+ Tcells and CD8+ Tcells are low

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

Choice A reason: Higherthannormal number of CD4+ Tcells and CD8+ Tcells are normal is not a laboratory value that most adults with human immunodeficiency virus will exhibit, because it does not reflect the effect of the virus on the immune system. CD4+ Tcells and CD8+ Tcells are types of white blood cells that play a key role in the immune response. CD4+ Tcells are helper cells that activate and coordinate other immune cells, while CD8+ Tcells are cytotoxic cells that kill infected or abnormal cells. Human immunodeficiency virus infects and destroys CD4+ Tcells, which impairs the immune function and increases the risk of opportunistic infections and cancers. CD8+ Tcells are not directly affected by the virus, but they may increase in number as a compensatory mechanism to fight the infection. Therefore, most adults with human immunodeficiency virus will have lowerthannormal number of CD4+ Tcells and higher than normal CD8+ Tcells.

Choice B reason: Lowerthannormal number of CD4+ Tcells and CD8+ Tcells are normal is not a laboratory value that most adults with human immunodeficiency virus will exhibit, because it does not reflect the effect of the virus on the immune system, as explained above. Lowerthannormal number of CD4+ Tcells and CD8+ Tcells are normal may indicate a condition that affects both types of Tcells, such as aplastic anemia, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or immunosuppressive drugs.

Choice C reason: Lowerthannormal number of CD4+ Tcells and higher than normal CD8+ Tcells is a laboratory value that most adults with human immunodeficiency virus will exhibit, because it reflects the effect of the virus on the immune system, as explained above. Lowerthannormal number of CD4+ Tcells and higher than normal CD8+ Tcells may indicate the progression of the infection and the severity of the immunodeficiency. The normal range of CD4+ Tcells is 500 to 1500 cells per microliter of blood, while the normal range of CD8+ Tcells is 150 to 1000 cells per microliter of blood.

Choice D reason: Higherthannormal number of CD4+ Tcells and CD8+ Tcells are low is not a laboratory value that most adults with human immunodeficiency virus will exhibit, because it does not reflect the effect of the virus on the immune system, as explained above. Higherthannormal number of CD4+ Tcells and CD8+ Tcells are low may indicate a condition that affects CD8+ Tcells, such as leukemia, lymphoma, or corticosteroid therapy.

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Which of the following statements by a client with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) requires further teaching or clarification? (Select all that apply.)

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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

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