Which of the following is not true about type 2 diabetes?
Risk factors are hypertension, family history, and obesity.
Gradual onset.
Accounts for up to 95% of diabetics.
Significant weight loss occurs as a sign.
The Correct Answer is D
Choice A reason: Risk factors for type 2 diabetes include hypertension, family history, and obesity. These factors increase the likelihood of developing type 2 diabetes. Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is often seen in individuals with type 2 diabetes due to the correlation between these conditions. A family history of diabetes indicates a genetic predisposition to the disease. Obesity, particularly central obesity (excess fat around the abdomen), is a significant risk factor as it contributes to insulin resistance, a key component in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes.
Choice B reason: The onset of type 2 diabetes is typically gradual, which means that it develops slowly over time. Many individuals may have prediabetes for years before their condition progresses to type 2 diabetes. This gradual onset can make it challenging to diagnose early, as symptoms may be mild or absent initially. Early detection through routine screening and awareness of risk factors is essential in managing and preventing the progression of the disease.
Choice C reason: Type 2 diabetes accounts for approximately 90-95% of all diabetes cases. It is the most common form of diabetes and is primarily characterized by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. Unlike type 1 diabetes, where the body's immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing cells, type 2 diabetes typically develops due to a combination of genetic and lifestyle factors, such as poor diet and lack of physical activity.
Choice D reason: Significant weight loss is not a typical sign of type 2 diabetes. Instead, it is more commonly associated with type 1 diabetes, where the body cannot produce insulin, leading to the breakdown of fat and muscle for energy. In type 2 diabetes, weight loss may occur if blood sugar levels are very high, but it is not a common initial symptom. More commonly, individuals with type 2 diabetes may experience symptoms such as increased thirst, frequent urination, and fatigue.
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Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Choice A reason: Type 1 diabetes is characterized by the destruction of pancreatic islet cells (also known as beta cells) that produce insulin. This autoimmune process leads to a severe lack of insulin in the body. Insulin is essential for regulating blood glucose levels, and without it, glucose cannot enter the cells and remains in the bloodstream, leading to hyperglycemia. This destruction of insulin-producing cells is the fundamental defect in type 1 diabetes.
Choice B reason: Resistance of insulin-sensitive tissues to insulin is a characteristic of type 2 diabetes, not type 1 diabetes. In type 2 diabetes, the body's cells become resistant to insulin, and the pancreas may eventually fail to produce enough insulin to overcome this resistance. This leads to elevated blood glucose levels, but the underlying mechanism is different from the autoimmune destruction seen in type 1 diabetes.
Choice C reason: Stimulation by food intake of glucose production resulting in increased insulin production is not a defining feature of type 1 diabetes. While the intake of food does lead to glucose production and a subsequent need for insulin, this mechanism is part of normal physiology and is not specific to any type of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes specifically involves the lack of insulin production due to the destruction of the pancreatic beta cells.
Choice D reason: Decreased production of releasing hormones by the hypothalamus is not related to the pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes. The hypothalamus plays a role in regulating various hormonal processes, but type 1 diabetes is primarily an autoimmune disorder affecting the pancreas. The destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas is the key issue in type 1 diabetes.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Choice A reason: Oliguria refers to the production of abnormally small amounts of urine. While it can occur in dehydration, it does not specifically indicate concentrated, dark, strong-smelling urine.
Choice B reason: Dehydration often leads to concentrated, dark, strong-smelling urine. When the body is dehydrated, the kidneys conserve water, resulting in less urine that is more concentrated with waste products, giving it a darker color and stronger smell.
Choice C reason: Increased fluid volume would typically result in dilute urine, which is pale and has a less strong odor. Therefore, it is not associated with concentrated, dark, strong-smelling urine.
Choice D reason: Urinary retention is the inability to empty the bladder completely. While it can lead to various symptoms, it is not specifically associated with concentrated, dark, strong-smelling urine.
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