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Which is the most appropriate action when obtaining a sterile urine specimen from an indwelling urinary catheter?

Swab the collection port of the catheter with an antiseptic swab. Insert a sterile needle and aspirate 3 to 5 mL of urine into the syringe.

Immediately clamp the catheter tubing.

Return one hour later and empty 3 to 5 mL of urine from the drainage bag into a sterile specimen container.

Flush the catheter with 10 mL of sterile water.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is A

Insert a sterile needle and aspirate 3 to 5 mL of urine into the syringe. This is the best technique for obtaining a sterile urine specimen from an indwelling urinary catheter because it ensures that microorganisms in the specimen are from the urine, and not the result of contamination.

Choice B is wrong because it does not use sterile technique and it does not collect fresh urine. The urine in the drainage bag may have been sitting there for a long time and may not reflect the current condition of the patient’s urinary tract.

Choice C is wrong because it does not use sterile technique and it flushes the catheter with sterile water, which may dilute the urine and alter its composition.

Choice D is wrong because it does not use sterile technique and it collects urine from the drainage bag, which may be contaminated or stale.

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

This is because hepatitis C is a viral infection that spreads through contaminated blood and body fluids. IV drug use is one of the most common ways to get hepatitis C, especially if people share needles or other equipment.

Choice A is wrong because drinking contaminated water is not a risk factor for hepatitis

C. Hepatitis A and E are transmitted by the fecal-oral route, which can happen through contaminated water.

Choice B is wrong because eating raw chicken is not a risk factor for hepatitis C. Hepatitis E can be transmitted by eating undercooked meat from infected animals, but not chicken.

Choice D is wrong because unprotected intercourse is not a major risk factor for hepatitis

C. Hepatitis B and D are more likely to be transmitted by sexual contact than hepatitis

C. However, having multiple sexual partners or having sexually transmitted diseases can increase the risk of hepatitis

C. Normal ranges for hepatitis C tests depend on the type of test and the laboratory that performs it.

Some common tests are:

Anti-HCV antibody test: This test detects antibodies to the hepatitis C virus in the blood.

A positive result means that the person has been exposed to the virus, but does not necessarily mean that they have an active infection. A negative result means that the person has never been exposed to the virus or has cleared it from their body.

HCV RNA test: This test measures the amount of hepatitis C virus in the blood.

A positive result means that the person has an active infection and can transmit the virus to others. A negative result means that the person does not have an active infection or has cleared it from their body.

HCV genotype test: This test identifies the strain or type of hepatitis C virus that the person has. There are six major genotypes of hepatitis C, numbered 1 to 6, and each one may respond differently to treatment.

A. Apply them safely and secure to the bed rails. B. Use to protect elderly patients from pulling out tubes and lines as soon as you place them. C. Apply them to clients who have a history of violence or a previous fall for everyone’s protection. D. Use them only as a last resort after attempting alternatives and get an order to do so.

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

Use them only as a last resort after attempting alternatives and get an order to do so. This is because restraints are used to protect persons from harming themselves or others, but they can also cause injuries, falls, and death. Therefore, they should be used only when less restrictive measures fail to protect the person or others, and only with informed consent and a doctor’s order.

Choice A is wrong because restraints should not be secured to the bed rails, but to the movable part of the bed frame out of the person’s reach.

This prevents the person from getting entangled or injured by the restraints.

Choice B is wrong because restraints should not be used for staff convenience or to control or prevent a behavior. They should be used only for the immediate physical safety of the person or others.

Choice C is wrong because restraints should not be applied to clients who have a history of violence or a previous fall for everyone’s protection. They should be used only when there is a clear and present danger of harm to the person or others.

Normal ranges for restraints are:

Check the person at least every 15 minutes
Remove restraints and meet basic needs at least every 2 hours
Apply restraints so that they are snug but allow enough room to fit one finger between the restraint and the wrist

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Which is the most appropriate action when obtaining a sterile urine specimen from an indwelling urinary catheter?

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

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Correct Answer is D

Explanation

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