Which ethical principle protects clients from harm?

They are not used extensively in high-level nursing research: This statement is not accurate. Middle-range nursing theories are frequently used in nursing research, especially in studies focusing on specific areas or phenomena within nursing. Researchers often apply middle-range theories to guide their studies and develop hypotheses, making them an essential part of high-level nursing research.

They form the foundation for the current evidence-based practice movement: This statement is accurate. Middle-range nursing theories provide the framework for evidence-based practice. They offer specific concepts and relationships that guide research and practice. By using these theories as a foundation, nurses can integrate research findings into their practice, leading to evidence-based care.

They do not focus on abstract concepts: This statement is partially accurate. Middle-range nursing theories focus on specific concepts related to a particular aspect of nursing care. While they may not be as abstract as grand theories, they are not entirely devoid of abstract concepts. Middle-range theories still involve theoretical and conceptual thinking, albeit in a more focused and specific manner.

They are often developed into major nursing theories: This statement is not accurate. Middle-range nursing theories are distinct from major nursing theories. Major nursing theories, often referred to as grand theories, are more comprehensive and abstract, attempting to explain the overall phenomenon of nursing. Middle-range theories, on the other hand, focus on narrower aspects of nursing practice and are not typically developed into grand theories.

A) The client's spouse: This choice suggests that the client's spouse has the authority to give permission for a DNR order. In most cases, it is the competent client themselves who has the authority to make decisions about their own medical treatment, including DNR orders. Spouses may have a say and their input is considered, but the ultimate decision typically lies with the competent client.

B) The client's only child: This choice suggests that the client's only child can give permission for a DNR order. Similar to the explanation for choice A, the decision-making authority for a DNR order generally rests with the competent client, not their child. However, a client may choose to discuss their medical decisions with their child and take their wishes into consideration.

C) The client: This choice correctly identifies that the competent client themselves is the one who typically has the legal and ethical authority to make decisions about their medical treatment, including DNR orders. This is based on principles of autonomy and respect for the individual's wishes.

D) Any close blood-related relative: This choice suggests that any close blood-related relative has the authority to give permission for a DNR order. Similar to choices A and B, the decision-making authority is typically with the competent client. While family members' input is valuable and should be considered, they do not have the ultimate decision-making power for the client's medical treatment.