What is the cause of hydropic swelling?
Oncogene activation.
Sodium/potassium pump dysfunction.
Membrane rupture.
ATP accumulation.
The Correct Answer is B
Choice A: Oncogene Activation
Oncogene activation refers to the process by which normal genes (proto-oncogenes) become oncogenes, leading to uncontrolled cell growth and potentially cancer. This process involves mutations or overexpression of genes that regulate cell proliferation and survival. While oncogene activation is a critical factor in cancer development, it is not directly related to hydropic swelling, which is a form of cellular injury characterized by the accumulation of water within cells.
Choice B: Sodium/Potassium Pump Dysfunction
Hydropic swelling, also known as cellular swelling, results from the malfunction of the sodium/potassium (Na+/K+) pump. This pump is essential for maintaining the ionic balance within cells by actively transporting sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell. When the Na+/K+ pump fails, sodium accumulates inside the cell, leading to an influx of water to balance the osmotic pressure. This results in cellular swelling, which is a hallmark of reversible cell injury.
Choice C: Membrane Rupture
Membrane rupture refers to the breaking of the cell membrane, which can lead to cell death and the release of cellular contents into the surrounding tissue. This process is typically associated with irreversible cell injury and necrosis. While membrane rupture can result from severe cellular damage, it is not the primary cause of hydropic swelling, which occurs due to ionic imbalances rather than physical disruption of the cell membrane.
Choice D: ATP Accumulation
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the primary energy currency of the cell, used to power various cellular processes. Accumulation of ATP within the cell is not typically associated with cellular swelling. In fact, a decrease in ATP levels, rather than an accumulation, is more likely to contribute to cellular injury. Reduced ATP levels can impair the function of the Na+/K+ pump, leading to ionic imbalances and subsequent hydropic swelling.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Choice A Reason:
Biotransformation, also known as drug metabolism, is the process by which the body chemically alters a drug. This typically occurs in the liver and results in the conversion of the drug into metabolites, which can be more easily excreted from the body. Biotransformation is crucial for drug elimination but is not the process by which a drug is transported to receptor sites.
Choice B Reason:
Distribution is the correct answer. This process involves the dispersion of a drug throughout the body via the bloodstream after it has been absorbed. The drug is transported to various tissues and organs, including the target receptor sites where it exerts its therapeutic effects. Distribution is influenced by factors such as blood flow, tissue permeability, and the binding of the drug to plasma proteins.
Choice C Reason:
Osmosis is the movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration. While osmosis is a fundamental biological process, it is not involved in the transport of drugs to receptor sites.
Choice D Reason:
Absorption is the process by which a drug enters the bloodstream from its site of administration. This can occur through various routes, such as oral, intravenous, or transdermal. Absorption is the initial step in drug delivery, but it is not the process by which the drug is transported to receptor sites.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Choice A: Beta 2 Agonist Decreases Blood Pressure
Beta 2 agonists primarily cause bronchodilation and vasodilation, which can lead to a decrease in blood pressure. However, this is not their primary function, and they are more commonly associated with the relaxation of smooth muscles in the airways.
Choice B: Beta 1 Agonist Increases Blood Pressure
Beta 1 receptors are primarily located in the heart. Activation of these receptors increases heart rate and contractility, which in turn increases cardiac output and blood pressure. Therefore, beta 1 agonists are known to increase blood pressure.
Choice C: Beta 2 Agonist Reduces Blood Pressure
Similar to choice A, beta 2 agonists can cause vasodilation, which may reduce blood pressure. However, this is not their primary therapeutic use, and they are mainly used for their bronchodilatory effects.
Choice D: Beta 1 Agonist Reduces Blood Pressure
Beta 1 agonists increase heart rate and contractility, leading to an increase in blood pressure. Therefore, this statement is incorrect as beta 1 agonists do not reduce blood pressure.
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