What is the cause of hydropic swelling?
Oncogene activation.
Sodium/potassium pump dysfunction.
Membrane rupture.
ATP accumulation.
The Correct Answer is B
Choice A: Oncogene Activation
Oncogene activation refers to the process by which normal genes (proto-oncogenes) become oncogenes, leading to uncontrolled cell growth and potentially cancer. This process involves mutations or overexpression of genes that regulate cell proliferation and survival. While oncogene activation is a critical factor in cancer development, it is not directly related to hydropic swelling, which is a form of cellular injury characterized by the accumulation of water within cells.
Choice B: Sodium/Potassium Pump Dysfunction
Hydropic swelling, also known as cellular swelling, results from the malfunction of the sodium/potassium (Na+/K+) pump. This pump is essential for maintaining the ionic balance within cells by actively transporting sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell. When the Na+/K+ pump fails, sodium accumulates inside the cell, leading to an influx of water to balance the osmotic pressure. This results in cellular swelling, which is a hallmark of reversible cell injury.
Choice C: Membrane Rupture
Membrane rupture refers to the breaking of the cell membrane, which can lead to cell death and the release of cellular contents into the surrounding tissue. This process is typically associated with irreversible cell injury and necrosis. While membrane rupture can result from severe cellular damage, it is not the primary cause of hydropic swelling, which occurs due to ionic imbalances rather than physical disruption of the cell membrane.
Choice D: ATP Accumulation
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the primary energy currency of the cell, used to power various cellular processes. Accumulation of ATP within the cell is not typically associated with cellular swelling. In fact, a decrease in ATP levels, rather than an accumulation, is more likely to contribute to cellular injury. Reduced ATP levels can impair the function of the Na+/K+ pump, leading to ionic imbalances and subsequent hydropic swelling.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A Reason:
Administering the drug at intervals longer than the drug half-life is not typically recommended for medications with a narrow therapeutic range. These drugs require precise dosing to maintain therapeutic levels without reaching toxic levels. Extending the dosing interval could lead to subtherapeutic levels, reducing the drug’s effectiveness.
Choice B Reason:
Teaching the patient that maximum drug effects will occur within a short period is not specific to drugs with a narrow therapeutic range. While some medications may have rapid onset of action, the critical aspect of narrow therapeutic range drugs is maintaining consistent blood levels to avoid toxicity or subtherapeutic effects.
Choice C Reason:
Administering the medication intravenously is not a requirement for all drugs with a narrow therapeutic range. While IV administration can provide precise control over drug levels, many narrow therapeutic range drugs can be administered orally or through other routes. The key is monitoring and adjusting the dose based on blood levels.
Choice D Reason:
Ordering lab tests to check blood drug levels is essential for managing medications with a narrow therapeutic range. These drugs have a small margin between therapeutic and toxic doses, so regular monitoring of blood levels helps ensure the drug remains within the safe and effective range. This practice is known as therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) and is crucial for drugs like warfarin, phenytoin, and digoxin.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Choice A: Alpha 1 Agonist and Alpha 2 Antagonist Increase Blood Pressure
Alpha 1 receptors are primarily located on the smooth muscles of blood vessels. When activated by an agonist, these receptors cause vasoconstriction, which increases blood pressure. On the other hand, alpha 2 receptors are found on presynaptic nerve terminals and act to inhibit the release of norepinephrine. An antagonist at alpha 2 receptors would prevent this inhibition, leading to increased norepinephrine release, further promoting vasoconstriction and increasing blood pressure. Therefore, the combination of an alpha 1 agonist and an alpha 2 antagonist would synergistically increase blood pressure.
Choice B: Alpha 1 Agonist and Alpha 2 Agonist Decrease Blood Pressure
Alpha 1 agonists increase blood pressure by causing vasoconstriction. Alpha 2 agonists, however, decrease blood pressure by inhibiting norepinephrine release, leading to vasodilation. Therefore, this combination would not decrease blood pressure as the effects of the alpha 1 agonist would counteract the effects of the alpha 2 agonist.
Choice C: Alpha 1 and Alpha 2 Agonist Increase Blood Pressure
While alpha 1 agonists increase blood pressure through vasoconstriction, alpha 2 agonists actually decrease blood pressure by reducing norepinephrine release. Therefore, this statement is incorrect as the combined effect would not result in an increase in blood pressure.
Choice D: Alpha 1 Antagonist and Alpha 2 Agonist Decrease Blood Pressure
Alpha 1 antagonists block the vasoconstrictive action of alpha 1 receptors, leading to vasodilation and a decrease in blood pressure. Alpha 2 agonists also decrease blood pressure by inhibiting norepinephrine release. Therefore, this combination would indeed decrease blood pressure, making this statement partially correct but not the best answer compared to choice A.
Whether you are a student looking to ace your exams or a practicing nurse seeking to enhance your expertise , our nursing education contents will empower you with the confidence and competence to make a difference in the lives of patients and become a respected leader in the healthcare field.
Visit Naxlex, invest in your future and unlock endless possibilities with our unparalleled nursing education contents today
Report Wrong Answer on the Current Question
Do you disagree with the answer? If yes, what is your expected answer? Explain.
Kindly be descriptive with the issue you are facing.