What are two common causes of a pleural effusion?
Choose 2 answers.
Heart failure
Severe pulmonary infection
Pulmonary hypertension
Collagen vascular disease COPD
Emphysema
Correct Answer : A,D
A. Heart failure is a common cause of pleural effusion because the heart's inability to pump effectively leads to fluid accumulation in the lungs and pleural space.
B. Severe pulmonary infection, such as pneumonia, can cause inflammation and fluid accumulation in the pleural space, leading to pleural effusion.
C. Pulmonary hypertension: While pulmonary hypertension can cause fluid overload and respiratory issues, it is not a direct cause of pleural effusion.
D. Collagen vascular disease COPD like lupus can cause pleural effusion, but COPD is typically associated with other lung issues like emphysema or chronic bronchitis, not directly with pleural effusion.
E. Emphysema is a chronic lung condition that involves the destruction of alveoli but is not directly related to the development of pleural effusion.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is ["B","F"]
Explanation
A. Respiration: Respiration issues are more relevant to respiratory disorders, while indigestion (dyspepsia) is directly related to GI disorders.
B. Swallowing difficulties (dysphagia) are a common symptom in GI disorders, indicating issues such as esophageal stricture, achalasia, or GERD.
C. Pain in the extremities is not typically associated with GI disorders; it is more relevant to musculoskeletal or neurological conditions.
D. Sleep disruption: While sleep disruption can occur with GI disorders, it is not a primary symptom to be questioned. Other symptoms like swallowing issues or indigestion are more directly related.
E. Family history: A family history of GI disorders can provide valuable information about hereditary conditions like Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, or colorectal cancer.
F. Indigestion, or dyspepsia, is a common symptom of GI disorders. It includes discomfort or pain in the upper abdomen, bloating, and nausea, which are directly related to the GI system.
Correct Answer is ["C","D"]
Explanation
A. Oral anticoagulation is a treatment to prevent clots and reduce the risk of ischemic stroke, not a mechanism that causes a clot to form.
B. Anoxic encephalopathy is brain damage due to a lack of oxygen, which can be a result of stroke but is not a cause of thrombus formation.
C. Carotid stenosis or the narrowing of the carotid arteries, can lead to the formation of clots that may travel to the brain and cause an ischemic stroke.
D. Atrial fibrillation is a heart rhythm disorder that can lead to the formation of blood clots in the heart. These clots can then travel to the brain and cause an ischemic stroke.
E. Glutamate toxicity refers to neuronal damage caused by excessive glutamate but is not a mechanism that leads to clot formation or ischemic stroke.
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