To monitor for complications in a patient with type 2 diabetes, which tests will the nurse in the diabetic clinic schedule at least annually? Select all that apply.

Choice A rationale

Hypokalemia is a potential concern with diuretic therapy, but not with hypertonic saline solution (3% NaCl) administration for hyponatremia.

Choice B rationale

Hypovolemia is less likely to occur with hypertonic saline infusion. The main concern is overcorrection leading to fluid overload.

Choice C rationale

Fluid overload is a significant risk when administering hypertonic saline (3% NaCl). Nurses should closely monitor for signs of fluid overload, such as edema, crackles in the lungs, and increased blood pressure.

Choice D rationale

Hypernatremia is a possible complication of hypertonic saline administration, but it is not as immediate a concern as fluid overload. Monitoring for fluid overload should take precedence.

Choice A rationale

While heartburn can occur shortly after eating, it is the frequent episodes of heartburn and regurgitation that are more commonly associated with hiatal hernia.

Choice B rationale

Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) and odynophagia (painful swallowing) can occur with other esophageal conditions but are not the primary symptoms of hiatal hernia.

Choice C rationale

Frequent bouts of heartburn and regurgitation after food intake are classic symptoms of hiatal hernia, due to the herniation of the stomach through the diaphragm allowing acid to reflux into the esophagus.

Choice D rationale

Bloating and postprandial fullness can occur, but they are not as commonly associated with hiatal hernia as heartburn and regurgitation.