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A client with a diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) develops pneumonia. What type of infection is this?
A pathogenic infection
An opportunistic infection
A nosocomial infection
A root cause infection
The Correct Answer is B
Choice A reason: This is an incorrect answer because a pathogenic infection is caused by a microorganism that can cause disease in a healthy host. Pathogens are usually able to overcome the host's immune defenses and cause symptoms and damage. Examples of pathogenic infections are strep throat, tuberculosis, and malaria.
Choice B reason: This is the correct answer because an opportunistic infection is caused by a microorganism that normally does not cause disease in a healthy host, but can take advantage of a weakened immune system and cause serious illness. Opportunistic infections are common and often lifethreatening complications of HIV infection, as the virus destroys the CD4 cells that help fight infections. Examples of opportunistic infections are pneumocystis pneumonia, candidiasis, and toxoplasmosis.
Choice C reason: This is an incorrect answer because a nosocomial infection is acquired in a health care setting, such as a hospital, clinic, or nursing home. Nosocomial infections are usually caused by microorganisms that are resistant to antibiotics and can spread easily among patients and staff. Examples of nosocomial infections are methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Clostridioides difficile (C. diff), and urinary tract infections.
Choice D reason: This is an incorrect answer because a root cause infection is not a valid term in medical terminology. A root cause is the underlying factor or reason that leads to a problem or outcome. A root cause analysis is a process of identifying and addressing the root causes of a problem or event, such as an infection, to prevent recurrence and improve quality and safety.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A reason: Heberden's nodes are not a symptom of lupus. Heberden's nodes are bony swellings that form on the distal interphalangeal joints of the fingers. They are a sign of osteoarthritis, which is a degenerative joint disease that causes pain, stiffness, and reduced mobility.
Choice B reason: Chvostek's sign is not a symptom of lupus. Chvostek's sign is a facial twitch that occurs when the facial nerve is tapped near the ear. It is a sign of hypocalcemia, which is a low level of calcium in the blood. Hypocalcemia may be caused by various conditions, such as hypoparathyroidism, vitamin D deficiency, or renal failure.
Choice C reason: OsgoodSchlatter's disease is not a symptom of lupus. OsgoodSchlatter's disease is a condition that affects the growth plate of the tibia, which is the shin bone. It causes pain, swelling, and tenderness below the knee. It is common in adolescents who are active in sports that involve running, jumping, or bending the knee.
Choice D reason: Butterfly rash is a classic symptom of lupus. Butterfly rash is a malar rash that appears across the cheeks and the bridge of the nose. It is a common sign of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), which is an autoimmune disease that causes inflammation and damage to various organs and tissues. The rash may flare up or fade depending on the disease activity and exposure to sunlight.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Choice A reason: Creating a susceptible host is not a way to break the chain of infection, but rather a way to facilitate it. A susceptible host is someone who is vulnerable to infection due to factors such as age, immunocompromised status, or chronic diseases.
Choice B reason: Maintaining the integrity of a portal of entry is a way to break the chain of infection, because it prevents the entry of microorganisms into the body. A portal of entry is any place where microorganisms can enter the body, such as the skin, mucous membranes, or respiratory tract. By reducing skin breakdown, the nurse is protecting the skin from becoming a portal of entry for infection.
Choice C reason: Creating a reservoir to decrease the risk of infection is a contradiction, because a reservoir is a place where microorganisms can multiply and survive, such as a human, animal, or environment. A reservoir increases the risk of infection, not decreases it.
Choice D reason: Sterilizing the area to reduce the reservoir risk is a way to break the chain of infection, but it is not related to reducing skin breakdown. Sterilizing the area means killing or removing all microorganisms from a surface or object, such as a surgical instrument or a wound dressing. This can reduce the reservoir risk, but it does not affect the integrity of the skin as a portal of entry.
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