The nurse is explaining the alteration in normal function to a patient recently diagnosed with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Which etiology contributing to GERD does the nurse include in the teaching session?

Incompetent lower esophageal sphincter.

Decreased pressure within the stomach.

Transient constriction of the lower esophageal sphincter

Prolonged constriction of the upper esophageal sphincter.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is A

The lower esophageal sphincter (LES) is a muscular ring located between the esophagus and stomach. Its function is to prevent the backflow of stomach acid and contents into the esophagus. In GERD, the LES becomes weak or relaxed, allowing stomach acid to flow back up into the esophagus, leading to symptoms such as heartburn, regurgitation, and chest pain.

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

Toddlers often experience separation anxiety when separated from their primary caregivers. Having the parents stay with the child in the hospital, commonly known as rooming in, can provide a sense of security and familiarity, which helps alleviate separation anxiety. It allows the child to have a consistent presence and promotes a nurturing and comforting environment.

While explaining procedures and routines can be helpful, it may not fully address the underlying separation anxiety experienced by the toddler. Providing for privacy and encouraging contact with children the same age may not directly address the primary source of anxiety, which is being separated from the parents.

A. Proteinuria B. Hypocalcemia C. Hypoalbuminemia D. Positive for Ketones

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

The signs or symptoms the nurse would observe in a 4-year-old client experiencing a recurrence of minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS) include:

MCNS is characterized by increased glomerular permeability, leading to the loss of protein, particularly albumin, in the urine. Proteinuria is a hallmark feature of MCNS and is usually detected through urine testing.
Due to the excessive loss of protein in the urine, particularly albumin, the client with MCNS may have low levels of albumin in the blood. Hypoalbuminemia can result in various complications, such as edema formation and impaired immune function. However this is not a sign or symptom.
Edema is a common symptom of MCNS and typically presents as swelling in the face, around the eyes, and in the extremities. This is a result of the fluid shifts and fluid retention caused by the altered glomerular function and hypoalbuminemia.

Hypocalcemia and ketones in the urine are not typically associated with MCNS. Hypocalcemia can occur in some types of kidney disease, but it is not a characteristic feature of MCNS. Ketones in the urine are more commonly associated with conditions like diabetic ketoacidosis or inadequate carbohydrate intake.

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The nurse is explaining the alteration in normal function to a patient recently diagnosed with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Which etiology contributing to GERD does the nurse include in the teaching session?

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

An appropriate nursing intervention to minimize separation anxiety in a hospitalized toddler is to:

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

The nurse suspects the 4-year-old client is having a recurrence of minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS). Which signs or symptoms would the nurse observe in the client?

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

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