The nurse is caring for a client diagnosed with chronic hepatitis who is receiving the medication lactulose. Which of these laboratory results would indicate the medication is achieving the desired therapeutic effect?
Increased serum albumin
Decreased serum bilirubin
Decreased serum ammonia
Decreased serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
The Correct Answer is C
Choice A Reason: Increased Serum Albumin
Increased serum albumin is not a direct indicator of the therapeutic effect of lactulose in patients with chronic hepatitis. Albumin is a protein made by the liver, and its levels can be affected by liver function. However, lactulose primarily works by reducing ammonia levels in the blood, not by increasing albumin levels. Normal serum albumin levels range from 3.5 to 5.5 grams per deciliter (g/dL). While improved liver function might eventually lead to increased albumin levels, this is not the primary therapeutic effect of lactulose.
Choice B Reason: Decreased Serum Bilirubin
Decreased serum bilirubin is also not a direct indicator of lactulose’s therapeutic effect. Bilirubin is a byproduct of the normal breakdown of red blood cells and is processed by the liver. Elevated bilirubin levels can indicate liver dysfunction, but lactulose’s main role is to reduce ammonia levels, not bilirubin. Normal serum bilirubin levels are typically between 0.1 to 1.2 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL). While improved liver function might reduce bilirubin levels, this is not the primary goal of lactulose therapy.
Choice C Reason: Decreased Serum Ammonia
Decreased serum ammonia is the correct indicator of the therapeutic effect of lactulose in patients with chronic hepatitis. Lactulose is used to treat hepatic encephalopathy, a condition caused by high levels of ammonia in the blood due to liver dysfunction. Lactulose works by converting ammonia into ammonium, which is then excreted from the body. Normal serum ammonia levels are less than 50 micromoles per liter (µmol/L) in adults56. A decrease in serum ammonia levels indicates that lactulose is effectively reducing the toxic levels of ammonia in the blood, thereby achieving its desired therapeutic effect.
Choice D Reason: Decreased Serum Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)
Decreased serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is not a direct indicator of lactulose’s therapeutic effect. ALT is an enzyme found in the liver that helps convert proteins into energy for liver cells. Elevated ALT levels can indicate liver damage. Normal ALT levels range from 7 to 56 units per liter (U/L). While improved liver function might reduce ALT levels, lactulose’s primary role is to reduce ammonia levels, not directly affect ALT.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A Reason:
Pronation of the hands.
Pronation of the hands is not typically associated with decorticate posturing. Decorticate posturing is characterized by the flexion of the arms and wrists, with the hands often clenched into fists. Pronation refers to the rotation of the hands so that the palms face downward, which is not a feature of decorticate posturing.
Choice B Reason:
Extension of the arms.
Extension of the arms is more characteristic of decerebrate posturing, not decorticate posturing. In decorticate posturing, the arms are flexed and held tightly to the chest, not extended. This flexion is due to damage to the cerebral hemispheres, which affects the corticospinal tract.
Choice C Reason:
External rotation of the lower extremities.
External rotation of the lower extremities is not a typical finding in decorticate posturing. In decorticate posturing, the legs are usually extended and rigid, with the toes pointed. External rotation would indicate a different type of posturing or neurological condition.
Choice D Reason:
Plantar flexion of the legs.
Plantar flexion of the legs is a characteristic finding in decorticate posturing. This involves the toes pointing downward, which is a result of the increased muscle tone and reflexes due to the brain injury. This posture indicates severe damage to the brain, specifically the corticospinal tract.
Correct Answer is F
Explanation
Assessment: Patient had 2 semi-formed bowel movements 1 hour after administration of the medication
Choice A Reason:
Assessment: Patient denies vomiting
This choice is not directly related to the effectiveness of Kayexalate. Vomiting can be a symptom of hyperkalemia, but the absence of vomiting does not indicate that the medication is working. Kayexalate works by binding potassium in the intestines and removing it through the stool, so the presence of bowel movements is a more direct indicator of its effectiveness.
Choice B Reason:
ECG: Flattening of QRS complex angle
Flattening of the QRS complex angle is not a typical ECG change associated with hyperkalemia or its treatment. Hyperkalemia typically causes widening of the QRS complex, and effective treatment would normalize this. Therefore, this choice is not correct.
Choice C Reason:
ECG: Widening of the QRS complex
Widening of the QRS complex is a sign of hyperkalemia, not its resolution. If the medication is effective, the QRS complex should return to a normal width. Therefore, this choice is not correct.
Choice D Reason:
Assessment: Patient consumed 60% of meal
While nutritional intake is important, it is not a direct indicator of the effectiveness of Kayexalate. The medication’s effectiveness is better assessed by changes in potassium levels and related symptoms, not by meal consumption.
Choice E Reason:
Assessment: Patient denies nausea
Similar to vomiting, nausea can be a symptom of hyperkalemia, but the absence of nausea does not indicate that the medication is working. The effectiveness of Kayexalate is better assessed by the presence of bowel movements and changes in potassium levels.
Choice F Reason:
Assessment: Patient had 2 semi-formed bowel movements 1 hour after administration of the medication
This is the correct answer. Kayexalate works by binding potassium in the intestines and removing it through the stool. The presence of bowel movements indicates that the medication is working to remove potassium from the body. This is a direct and relevant assessment finding.
Choice G Reason:
ECG: Shortening of P wave duration
Shortening of the P wave duration is not a typical ECG change associated with hyperkalemia or its treatment. Therefore, this choice is not correct.
Choice H Reason:
Assessment: Patient denies pain
Pain is not a typical symptom of hyperkalemia, and its absence does not indicate that the medication is working. Therefore, this choice is not correct.
Choice I Reason:
ECG: Reduction of T wave amplitude
Reduction of T wave amplitude can be a sign of hypokalemia, not hyperkalemia. Effective treatment of hyperkalemia would normalize the T wave amplitude, not reduce it. Therefore, this choice is not correct.
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