The nurse is assessing a patient prior to surgery for esophageal cancer. Which of the following would be considered a risk factor for the development of this disease?

A. This finding is generally not associated with peritonitis. Instead, hyperactive bowel sounds may indicate early gastrointestinal irritation or obstruction. In the case of peritonitis, bowel sounds are often diminished or absent due to the inflammation and irritation of the peritoneum.
B. Profuse diarrhea is not a typical sign of peritonitis. While gastrointestinal disturbances can occur, diarrhea is more commonly associated with infections or irritations of the intestines rather than with peritonitis itself. Peritonitis typically presents with symptoms related to abdominal rigidity and pain.
C. A hard, rigid abdomen is a classic sign of peritonitis. It indicates involuntary guarding, which occurs as a response to inflammation and irritation of the peritoneum. The rigidity reflects the body's protective mechanism against pain and is a significant assessment finding.

D. While abdominal cramping can occur in various gastrointestinal conditions, it is not a specific indicator of peritonitis. In cases of peritonitis, the pain is often more severe and localized rather than cramping. The patient may experience sharp, steady pain that worsens with movement.

A. In roseola (also known as exanthem subitum or sixth disease), a child typically develops a rash that is characterized by small, rose-colored spots (maculopapular rash) after the fever resolves. However, it is not primarily described as a "red papular rash" at the onset, which can lead to some confusion.
B. Koplik spots are small, white lesions that appear inside the mouth and are characteristic of measles, not roseola. They do not occur in roseola.
C. A severe cough is not a symptom of roseola. While respiratory symptoms can be present in many viral infections, roseola is primarily characterized by a high fever followed by a rash, with minimal respiratory involvement.
D. Inflammation of the parotid gland is associated with mumps, not roseola. Roseola does not typically involve swelling of the salivary glands.