The most appropriate time for the nurse to encourage a laboring woman to push is during

The correct answer is choice A, delayed respiratory depression.

Choice A reason:

Delayed respiratory depression is not one of the main nursing observations for a woman who receives epidural or intrathecal opioids. Epidural and intrathecal opioids are administered for pain relief during labor or after certain surgeries, and they act locally within the spinal cord to block pain signals. Unlike systemic opioids, which can cause respiratory depression when given in high doses, epidural and intrathecal opioids have a more limited systemic effect, reducing the risk of respiratory depression. Therefore, monitoring for delayed respiratory depression is not a primary concern in this context.

Choice B reason:

Choice B is a valid nursing observation for a woman who receives epidural or intrathecal opioids. These opioids can cause temporary paralysis or weakness in the lower extremities as a side effect of their action on the nerves in the spinal cord. Nurses need to assess the woman's ability to move her lower extremities and ensure her safety and comfort while this effect is present.

Choice C reason:

Choice C is a valid nursing observation for a woman who receives epidural or intrathecal opioids. Pruritus, which refers to itching or a sensation of itchiness, is a common side effect of opioids, including those administered via epidural or intrathecal routes. The nurse should assess the woman for any signs of pruritus and manage it appropriately if it occurs.

Choice D reason:

Choice D is a valid nursing observation for a woman who receives epidural or intrathecal opioids. Nausea and vomiting are common side effects of opioids, and they can occur after receiving these medications via epidural or intrathecal routes. The nurse should monitor the woman for any signs of nausea and vomiting and provide supportive care if needed.

The correct answer is: d. Persistent fetal bradycardia below 100 bpm.

Choice A: Maternal pulse rate of 100 bpm

A maternal pulse rate of 100 beats per minute (bpm) is slightly elevated but not uncommon during labor due to the physical exertion and stress involved. The normal range for an adult’s resting heart rate is typically between 60 and 100 bpm. While it is important to monitor the maternal pulse, it is not an immediate cause for concern unless accompanied by other symptoms such as hypotension, chest pain, or signs of distress.

Choice B: Maternal blood pressure of 120/70 mm Hg

A maternal blood pressure of 120/70 mm Hg is within the normal range. Normal blood pressure for adults is generally considered to be around 120/80 mm Hg. This reading indicates that the mother is maintaining stable blood pressure during labor, which is a positive sign. Therefore, this does not require immediate reporting to the physician.

Choice C: Decrease in intensity of uterine contractions

A decrease in the intensity of uterine contractions can be concerning as it may indicate ineffective labor, which could prolong the delivery process. However, this is typically managed by adjusting oxytocin levels or other interventions and does not require immediate reporting unless it leads to other complications such as fetal distress.

Choice D: Persistent fetal bradycardia below 100 bpm

Persistent fetal bradycardia below 100 bpm is a significant concern and should be immediately reported to the physician. Normal fetal heart rate ranges from 110 to 160 bpm. Bradycardia, defined as a heart rate below 110 bpm, can indicate fetal distress, hypoxia, or other complications that may require urgent intervention to ensure the safety of the fetus. Persistent bradycardia, especially below 100 bpm, necessitates immediate medical attention to assess and address the underlying cause.