The mental health nursing instructor is talking with the class about depression. what deficiency does the instructor explain will result in depression?
Norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin
Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, and Acetylcholine
Acetylcholine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and serotonin
gamma-aminobutyric acid, dopamine, and epinephrine
The Correct Answer is A
A) Norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin:
Depression has been strongly linked to deficiencies in certain neurotransmitters in the brain, specifically norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin. These neurotransmitters play significant roles in regulating mood, emotions, and behavior. When their levels are low, individuals may experience symptoms of depression, such as sadness, low energy, anhedonia (inability to feel pleasure), and difficulty concentrating. Antidepressant medications often work by increasing the availability of these neurotransmitters in the brain.
B) Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, and Acetylcholine:
While norepinephrine plays a key role in depression, epinephrine and acetylcholine are not typically highlighted as the primary neurotransmitters involved in depression. Epinephrine (also known as adrenaline) is more associated with the body’s stress response and fight-or-flight reaction. Acetylcholine is involved in memory and learning processes, but it is not the primary neurotransmitter related to depression.
C) Acetylcholine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and serotonin:
Acetylcholine and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are involved in many brain functions, but they are not the primary neurotransmitters linked to depression. While GABA may play a role in mood regulation, it is not typically associated with depression in the same way that serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine are. Serotonin is the exception in this answer
D) Gamma-aminobutyric acid, dopamine, and epinephrine:
Although dopamine is involved in depression, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and epinephrine are not the key neurotransmitters associated with the pathophysiology of depression. Epinephrine primarily affects the stress response, and while GABA does influence mood and anxiety, it is not the main neurotransmitter linked to depression itself.
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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A) GABA-ergic:
GABA-ergic neurons use gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as their neurotransmitter, not acetylcholine (ACh). GABA is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, playing a crucial role in reducing neuronal excitability.
B) Dopaminergic:
Dopaminergic neurons release dopamine as their neurotransmitter. Dopamine is involved in several critical functions, including movement, reward, and regulation of mood. Since acetylcholine is not involved in dopaminergic transmission, this is not the correct answer.
C) Cholinergic:
Cholinergic neurons use acetylcholine (ACh) as their neurotransmitter. These neurons are involved in many functions, including muscle activation (in the somatic nervous system), as well as modulating parasympathetic responses in the autonomic nervous system.
D) Serotonergic:
Serotonergic neurons release serotonin (5-HT), which is a neurotransmitter involved in regulating mood, appetite, sleep, and other functions. Acetylcholine is not involved in serotonergic transmission
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A) “Alzheimer disease affects memory but not personality.”
While memory loss is one of the hallmark symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease, the condition also significantly impacts other cognitive functions, including personality and behavior. As the disease progresses, patients often experience changes in mood, behavior, and personality, such as increased irritability, depression, or aggression.
B) “With proper treatment, symptoms of this disease can be arrested.”
Currently, there is no cure for Alzheimer’s disease, and while some treatments (like cholinesterase inhibitors) can help manage symptoms temporarily or slow their progression, the disease itself is not arrestable. The goal of treatment is to manage symptoms and improve quality of life, but it cannot stop the disease from advancing.
C) “The onset of Alzheimer disease is usually between 65 and 75 years.”
While Alzheimer’s disease typically affects older adults, this statement is too narrow. Alzheimer’s disease can begin earlier, sometimes in individuals in their 50s or 60s, particularly in cases of early-onset Alzheimer’s. The average age of onset for most people is around 65, but there is variability.
D) “Alzheimer disease is a chronic, progressive condition.”
Alzheimer’s disease is indeed chronic (lasting for years) and progressive (it worsens over time). It gradually destroys brain cells, leading to a decline in cognitive function, including memory, thinking, and reasoning skills. This is the fundamental nature of the disease
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