The following arterial blood gas results would demonstrate to the nurse that the client is experiencing which acid-base imbalance? pH 7.31 PaCO2 40, HCO3 18, pa02 92

A. Hypnotic drugs are primarily used to induce sleep or promote sleepiness. They act on the central nervous system to depress its activity, leading to sedation and ultimately sleep. These drugs are commonly prescribed to treat insomnia or to induce anesthesia for surgical procedures.
B. While some hypnotic drugs can cause a stupor-like state, inducing a state of reduced consciousness or awareness, this is not the primary function of all hypnotic medications. Stupor typically refers to a state of extreme lethargy or mental dullness, which may be induced by certain drugs but is not inherent to the classification of hypnotics.
C. Hypnotic drugs are not primarily intended to affect pain. While some hypnotic medications may have analgesic properties, their primary function is to induce sleep or sedation rather than directly targeting pain relief. Pain relief is typically achieved through the use of analgesic medications such as opioids, NSAIDs, or other pain relievers.
D. Hypnotic drugs do not mimic the state of hypnosis induced by techniques such as hypnotherapy. While both hypnosis and hypnotic drugs can alter consciousness, they work through different mechanisms

D. 0.9% sodium chloride (0.9% NaCl): This solution, also known as normal saline, is isotonic and contains the same concentration of sodium as extracellular fluid. It is the most appropriate choice for initial fluid resuscitation in hypovolemia due to severe bleeding because it rapidly expands intravascular volume, replaces sodium losses, and helps restore circulating blood volume.
A. This solution contains dextrose (glucose) and a small amount of sodium chloride. It provides some glucose for energy but has a lower sodium concentration compared to isotonic solutions like normal saline. While it may be used in certain situations, such as to provide maintenance fluids or correct mild dehydration, it is not the first choice for fluid resuscitation in hypovolemia due to severe bleeding because it does not adequately replace lost volume.
B. 3% sodium chloride (3% NaCl): This solution is hypertonic and has a high sodium concentration. It is not typically used for initial fluid resuscitation in hypovolemia due to severe bleeding. Hypertonic saline solutions like 3% NaCl are more commonly used in specific situations such as severe hyponatremia or cerebral edema.
C. 5% dextrose in water (D5W): This solution contains only dextrose and water and is isotonic until the dextrose is metabolized, after which it becomes hypotonic. D5W is not suitable for fluid resuscitation in hypovolemia due to severe bleeding because it does not provide adequate sodium or volume replacement.